Kubanki sikugwira ntchito ndi kubwereketsa ndalama!
Ndikukhulupirira kuti mukanamva mawu awa. Ngakhale akatswiri azachuma monga Prof. Hyman Minsky amalankhula za kayendetsedwe ka mabanki ndikunena momveka bwino kuti Mabanki samabwereketsa ndalama. Zikumveka zosokoneza, chabwino?
Malinga ndi mabuku achikhalidwe pazachuma choyambira, mabanki amaimiridwa ngati amkhalapakati azachuma omwe ntchito yawo yayikulu ndikulumikiza obwereka ndi osunga ndalama.
M'mawu osavuta, mabanki sali kanthu koma oyimira pakati pachuma chamasiku ano chomwe chikukula.
Ndondomeko yonse yamabanki imazungulira ndalama zambiri zomwe zimaphatikizapo munthu wopeza ndalama zomwe amalipidwa kuposa momwe amagwiritsira ntchito nthawi zonse, yemwe amaika ndalamazo ku banki yokhazikika. Izi zimatchedwa nkhokwe ya ndalama.
Ndi ndalama izi, banki imabwereketsa kwa iwo omwe ndalama zawo zikucheperachepera zomwe amafunikira. Chifukwa chake, mabanki amagwira ntchito pamabanki ang'onoang'ono, omwe mabanki amabwereketsa ndalama zambiri kuposa ndalama zomwe zasungidwa.
Koma bwanji ndikanena kuti mabanki amapanga ndalama zambiri akabwereketsa?
Inde, uku ndi kuchulukitsa ndalama komwe kumakulitsa kuchuluka kwachuma.
Pankhani yobwereketsa ndalama lero tikukambilana za momwe banki yayikulu imagwirira ntchito pomwe siyikubwereketsa ndalama.
Kotero, tiyeni tiyambe!
Kodi Banki Imagwira Ntchito Motani?
Zikuwonekeratu kuchokera pamwamba kuti kubwereketsa kwa banki yayikulu kumadalira kuchuluka kwa ma depositi amakasitomala. Ndipo kuti awonjezere malire obwereketsa, mabanki amayenera kukopa makasitomala ambiri kuti asungire ndalama zatsopano.
Ndi izi, zitha kunenedwa kuti madipoziti amapanga ngongole.
Ndondomeko yobwereketsa kubanki imagwira ntchito pamalingaliro ochulukitsa ndalama, omwe amagwira ntchito mosasintha ndi mabanki apakati. Pano, kachigawo kakang'ono kokha ka ndalama zomwe zasungidwa ziyenera kusungidwa mu ndalama kapena kusungidwa mu akaunti ya banki yamalonda ku banki yaikulu.
Ndalamazi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zomwe bankiyo ikufuna kubwereketsa, zomwe ndalama zake zobwezera zimatengedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa nkhokwe zomwe ndi banki yobwereketsa.
Chifukwa chake, ngati kufunikira kosungirako kumatchulidwa kuti 10% ndipo chochulukitsa chake ndi khumi, mabanki amatha kubwereketsa kakhumi kuposa nkhokwezo.
Chinthu chinanso chomwe chimakhudza kubwereketsa kwa banki ndi ndondomeko ya ndalama ya banki yaikulu, yomwe imamaliza chigamulo cha kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepa kwa ndalama zosungirako. Komabe, ndi ulamuliro wosankha wandalama komanso kuletsa kukulitsa nkhokwe, njira ina yokhayo kuti mabanki awonjezere kubwereketsa kwawo ndikupeza ma depositi atsopano.
Ndipo monga tikudziwira, ngongole zimapangidwa ndi madipoziti, kutanthauza kuti mabanki amafunikira ndalama zamakasitomala kuti apitilize kubwereketsa.
Ndondomeko Ya Ngongole Zaku Banki
M'mawu osavuta, mabanki amakonda kupanga ndalama zambiri akabwereketsa, zomwe zimakulitsa kuchuluka kwachuma.
Mabanki amadziwika kuti ali ndi ufulu wopereka ngongole zoperekedwa ndi boma popanda kupeza ndalamazo poyamba. Kubwereketsa kwa mabanki kumatsimikiziridwa ndi malamulo ndi ndondomeko za banki yayikulu.
Komabe, banki yayikulu imatsogoleranso mabanki azamalonda kuti asunge ndalama zambiri zamadzimadzi, zomwe zitha kukhala ndalama kapena chilichonse chomwe chingagulitsidwe mwachangu pokhudzana ndi ngongole yomwe idaperekedwa kale.
Kupanga Ndalama ndi Mabanki
Njira yobwereketsa mabanki imadziwika ndi kupanga ndalama, zomwe zimachokera makamaka kuchokera kuzinthu ziwiri. Izi ndi:
Kawiri Entry Accounting
Mwanjira iyi, kuti apange zinthu zatsopano zangongole, banki ikufunika kupanga chiwongola dzanja chofanana. Izi zimakhala ndalama zatsopano kubanki zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ngongole yatsopano.
Mwachitsanzo, tiyerekeze kuti banki yabwereketsa ma Rs.100 kwa makasitomala ake, ndiye kuti ipanga ngongole yatsopano yokwana INR 100, yomwe ndi gawo latsopano.
Muyeso ndi tanthauzo la ndalama
Pali mitundu iwiri ya ndalama:
- Ndalama zoyambira: Adapangidwa ndi Central Bank (ndalama ndi nkhokwe za banki).
- Ndalama zazikulu: Zapangidwa ndi Private sector, zomwe zimawerengera muyeso wa ndalama.
Gawo lalikulu la ndalama zomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku ndi ndalama zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, abwana akasamutsa malipiro anu mwachindunji ku akaunti yanu yakubanki, ndi ndalama zambiri. Mofananamo, mukalipira ngongole iliyonse, ndi ndalama zambiri. Ndalamazo zimatengedwa ngati ndalama zoyambira pokhapokha muli banki.
Kupatula mabanki, ngongole mabungwe amaperekanso ngongole ndikupanga awiriawiri osungitsa ngongole. Komabe, amangopanga "ngongole," osati "ndalama," popeza ma depositi awo samawerengedwa mu M1 (ndalama zocheperako zokhala ndi ndalama zambiri komanso zosavuta pakugulitsa). Komabe, makasitomala amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ngongoleyo pogula chifukwa amatengera ndalama.
Zida za Central Bank Monetary Policy
Kubwereketsa kwa mabanki kumadalira ndondomeko ya ndalama zamabanki. Pali zida zinayi makamaka za ndondomeko ya ndalama za Central Bank. Izi ndi:
Zofunika Zosungira
Zikutanthauza kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe mabanki ayenera kusunga. Zimasungidwa m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale kapena maakaunti akubanki amalonda ku banki yayikulu. Zofunikira zochepa zosungirako zikuwonetsa kuti mabanki amabwereketsa zambiri, zomwe zimadziwika kuti mfundo zandalama zowonjezera, chifukwa zimapanga ngongole.
Ngakhale zofunikira zosungira ndalama zikuwonetsa kuti mabanki amabwereketsa ndalama zochepa, zomwe zimadziwika kuti contractionary monetary policy. Zimakhala zolimba pamabanki ang'onoang'ono popeza alibe ndalama zokwanira kubwereketsa kale. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mabanki apakati amapewa mabanki ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi zofunikira zosungira.
Open Market Operations
Chida chotsatira ndi Open Market Operations, chomwe chimatanthawuza kugula ndi kugulitsa masheya aboma ndi banki yayikulu. Kusinthaku kumapangidwa pakati pa mabanki apakati ndi mabanki apadera.
Banki yayikulu ikagula masheya aboma, kuchuluka kwa mabanki kumawonjezeka, zomwe zimakulitsa malire amabanki. Ndipo akagulitsa chikolecho, chimangowonjezera ku mabanki. bwino pepala, kuchititsa kuchepa kwa ndalama zomwe zimakhalapo. Choncho, malire obwereketsa amachepetsa.
Chifukwa chake, mabanki apakati amagula zitetezo kuti akhale ndi ndondomeko yandalama yowonjezereka ndikugulitsa zomwezo kuti akwaniritse ndondomeko yandalama yocheperako kapena yolimba.
Ndipo ndipamene ntchito ya msika wotseguka imabwera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti Federal Reserves aziyendetsa ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama. Ndalama za Fed ndi ndalama zomwe banki yayikulu idabwereka ku banki ina ndi ndalama zochulukirapo.
Chiwongoladzanja chomwe adabwezeredwa ndi ndalama ya fed fund. Apa ndipamene Open Market Operations imayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mwayi kuti mabanki akwaniritse zomwe akufuna.
Mtengo Wotsika
Izi zikutanthauza kuti banki yayikulu imapereka ndalama kumabanki omwe ali membala pawindo lakuchotsera. Nthawi zambiri imakhala yokwera kuposa ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kuchotserako kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha mabanki sangathe kubwereka ndalama kumabanki ena.
Pamodzi ndi zenera lochotsera izi, kusalidwa kumalumikizidwa!
Banki iliyonse ikagwiritsa ntchito zenera lakuchotsera, imatengedwa kuti ili m'mavuto azachuma pamaso pa anthu azachuma.
Chiwongola dzanja pa Reserves
Chiwongola dzanja pa nkhokwe chinakhazikitsidwa pambuyo pavuto lazachuma la 2008. Bank of England, The Federal Reserve, ndi European Central Bank amalipira chiwongola dzanja china mabanki akasunga ndalama zochulukirapo.
Kuchuluka kwa ndalama kumatsitsidwa pamene Fed ikufuna mabanki kubwereketsa zambiri komanso mosiyana pamene akufuna kuti banki ibwereke pang'ono. Chida ichi chimabweranso pokwaniritsa cholinga cha ndalama zodyetsedwa.
Kodi zida za Monetary Policy zimagwira ntchito bwanji?
Ntchito yayikulu ya zida zamalamulo a banki yayikulu ndikuchulukitsa ndikuchepetsa ndalama zonse. Zimatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zilipo kupatula ndi kubwereketsa. Zimaphatikizanso ndalama ndi ngongole zomwe wogula amawononga.
Zida izi zimaganiziridwa kuti ndizochulukirapo kuposa ndalama zomwe zimadziwika kuti M1 ndi M2. Chizindikiro choyambirira chimatanthawuza ndalama ndi ma cheke madipoziti, pomwe chomaliza chimatanthawuza ndalama za msika wandalama, ma akaunti osungira, ndi ma CD.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mabanki mu Real-time
Masiku ano, ndalama nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati ma depositi m'malo mopangidwa ndi osunga ndalama omwe amasungitsa mabanki kuti asunge ndalama zawo. Mabanki akakulitsa ngongole zawo, ma depositi amapangidwa.
Pandalama zobwereketsa, mabanki amapanga zolemba ziwiri zodziwika bwino - imodzi kumbali yazachuma pomwe ina kumbali ya ngongole - pamabanki. Ngongoleyi imagwira ntchito ngati chuma cha mabanki ndipo, motero, imapanga ndalama zatsopano, zomwe zimakhala ngati ngongole kuzinthu zamakasitomala.
Ndipo ngati ndi choncho, mabanki apadera amapanga ndalama, zomwe zimakhala zotsutsana ndi ufulu ndi udindo wa Central Bank pochita zimenezi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mabanki sangapange ndalama popanda kukhudzidwa ndi banki yayikulu, komwe kuchulukira ndi kuchepa kwa zofunika zosungirako zimagwira ntchito.
Zofunikira zosungirako sizingatengedwe ngati cholepheretsa mabanki kubwereketsa, zomwe sizichepetsa kutulutsa ndalama. Chifukwa chake, mabanki amabwereketsa ndalama ndiyeno ayang'ane ndalama zomwe amafunikira pambuyo pake.
Kutsiliza
Mabanki samabwereketsa; amalenga ndalama ex nihilo pa ngongole.
Amangobwereketsa ndalama zomwe zimapangidwa ndi Central Bank kwa wina ndi mnzake. Zosungirako zosungirako komanso zofunikira pazachuma zimatsimikizira kuti mabanki amalipira ndalama zomwe makasitomala amayembekeza.
Kuphatikiza apo, Zoyembekeza Zopindulitsa zimatengedwa kuti ndi chimodzi mwazolepheretsa kubwereketsa mabanki. Mabanki ali ndi mphamvu zobwereketsa ndalama kaye ndiyeno ayang'ane nkhokwe zoti atseke. Pachifukwa ichi, amakonda kukopa makasitomala atsopano kuti ateteze ma depositi.
Chifukwa chake, Mabanki safuna ndalama zamakasitomala, ndipo ndi zotsika mtengo kwa iwo kuti azisunga madipoziti anu kuposa mabanki ena.
Siyani Mumakonda