Zindikirani - Adani Gulu lakhala ndi mbiri yakale kwambiri. Izi zidawululidwa posachedwa pakufufuza kochitidwa ndi Hindenburg Research - kampani yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri kugulitsa kwakanthawi. Mutha werengani lipoti lonse la kafukufuku apa, ndipo ndikupangirani kuti mutero ngati mwaikapo ndalama kumakampani aliwonse a Adani Group.
Izi zinafika poipa, werengani zatsopano kufufuza ndi FT apa.
Gautam Adani adayamba ulendo wake m'banja laling'ono la Jain ku Ahmedabad. M'zaka zake zoyambilira za 20, Gautam Adani adachita digiri ya Bachelor in Commerce kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Gujarat.
Komabe, adasiya maphunziro ake aku koleji m'chaka chake chachiwiri ndipo adaganiza zongoyang'ana bizinesi ya mchimwene wake.
Tatas ndi Birlas adapanga nkhani yakukula kwa India pambuyo pa ufulu wodzilamulira, koma gulu la Adani lakhala lofanana ndi kulenga chuma m'zaka za zana la 21.
Chuma cha Gautam Adani chikuyembekezeka kukhala $114 biliyoni, ndipo pano ndi iye munthu wachinayi wolemera kwambiri padziko lapansi. Makampani ake asanu ndi awiri omwe adalembetsa ali ndi msika wamsika pafupifupi $197.49 biliyoni (Julayi 19, 2022).
Kukula kwa gulu la Adani
Kuwuka kwa Adani Gulu sizochitika tsiku limodzi. Tiyeni tiwone kukwera kwa Adani Group pang'onopang'ono, kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka pano, ndi zolinga zawo zotani mtsogolomu:
Ulendo wa Gautam Adani unayamba pomwe mchimwene wake Mansukhbhai Adani adamuyitana kuchokera ku Mumbai mu 1981.
Gautam Adani, panthaŵiyo, anagwira ntchito kwa abale a Mahindra monga osakaniza diamondi kuyambira 1978. Mansukhbhai Adani anam’sankha ku fakitale yake yapulasitiki kuti aziyang’anira ntchitoyo. Chifukwa chake, ntchito yapulasitiki idakhala khomo la ufumu wamtsogolo wa gulu la Adani.
Poyambirira, bizinesi yake idakumana ndi zovuta zambiri, makamaka kusowa kwa mapulasitiki apulasitiki. Pofuna kuthana ndi kupereŵeraku, iye ankafuna matani 20 a PVC mwezi uliwonse kuti ateteze mutu wa kampani yake m’madzi.
Komabe, mgwirizano udachokera kwa wopanga yekha ku India IPCL, yemwe sanali kupereka bwino pulasitiki pa nthawi yake.
Gautam Adani adagonjetsa vutoli ndi ma granules a pulasitiki poitanitsa zitsulo zapulasitiki kudzera ku doko la Kandla mu 1988.
Malinga ndi m'modzi mwa osungitsa katundu wa Adani,
"Pakusinthasintha kwa mitengo yamsika ya mapulasitiki a granules, pamene mabizinesi ena sanathe kukwaniritsa mgwirizano wawo, Gautam Adani ndiye yekha amene anakwaniritsa lonjezo lake.. "
Adani Group in the Late 80s & Early 90s.
Atangothetsa kusowa kwa pulasitiki, Adani adasonkhanitsa Kalata Yovomerezeka kuchokera kwa wopanga pulasitiki yaing'ono ndikuyamba kuyika maoda ambiri a PVC; ndipo patapita nthawi, Adani Gulu adalumikizana ndi Gujarat State Export Corporation kuti akulitse bizinesi ya gululo.
Pamene inali kupereka zopereka kwa mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndikuphatikiza zopempha zonse pansi pa GSEC, Gautam Adani adachotsa zofunikira za Letter of Authorisation.
Poitanitsa kunja, Adani ankakonda kupititsa GSEC zinthu zomwe akufuna, ndipo ankagulitsa zotsalirazo pamtengo wabwino kwa makasitomala ena.
Posakhalitsa, adapatsidwa chilolezo ndi boma la Gujarat chokhala ndi denga la 12 crores Letter of Authorisation.
Munthawi imeneyi, bizinesi ya gulu la Adani idakula kwambiri. Pakati pa 1988 ndi 1992, kuchuluka kwa katundu wa kampani ya Adani kunakwera kuchoka ku 100 metric tonnes kufika ku 40,000 metric tonnes.
Kuphatikiza apo, Adani adayamba kuitanitsa katundu wamafuta ndi mankhwala ndi ma PVC granules. Adani gulu, ndi nthawi, kukodzedwa lokha mu katundu katundu, ndipo posakhalitsa Adani gulu anatulukira monga nyenyezi malonda nyumba, amene kuchepetsa kufunika zitsimikizo banki.
Adani Group in Late 90s
Adani Group, pamodzi ndi EXIM Business, idakulitsidwa mubizinesi ya zomangamanga kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90s. Anaganiza zoyambanso kugwira ntchito ya madoko ndi zomera. Chifukwa chake, doko la Mundra linakhala ntchito yake yoyamba yazachuma.
Koma gulu la Adani lidayamba kutsutsidwa pazandale pantchito yake yapadoko kuchokera kwa andale otchuka ngati George Fernandes. Pambuyo pake adayamba kukumana ndi zotayika zambiri chifukwa cha kuchedwa kwawo ku Kandla ndi Port of Mumbai.
Adani adaganiza zosintha Mundra kukhala doko lachinsinsi kuti athetse vuto lochedwa.
Adani Group and the Mundra Port
Kusintha kwa LPG kunachitika ku India mu 1991. Boma la Gujarat mu 1994 lidaganiza zoyang'anira madoko atsopano ngati mgwirizano wamakampani aboma ndi aboma. Idasankha pamndandanda wamadoko 10, kuphatikiza dzina la doko la Mundra.
Chifukwa cha kufunikira kwachuma kwa doko la Mundra, Boma la Gujarat lidalengeza za kutumizidwa kwa oyang'anira doko la Mundra, ndipo mu 1995, mgwirizanowu unaperekedwa kwa gulu la Adani. Sitima yoyamba imadziwika kuti idayimitsidwa padoko la Mundra mu 1998.
Pakati pa 1998 ndi 2002, Adani adakula kukhala malo opangira magetsi a malasha ndi Thermal Business koma sanakwaniritse zambiri. Kukula kwa doko la Mundra pakati pa zaka zinayi izi sikunali kodabwitsa, ndipo ngakhale Gautam Adani adati lingaliro lake lolanda doko la Mundra silinayende bwino.
The Rising Adani Group.
Nthawi yosintha tsogolo idabwera kwa Adani Gulu pomwe doko la Kandla ku 2000 lidachita chisankho chodzigonjetsera pokana kuperekedwa kwa m'modzi mwa oyendetsa madoko akuluakulu a P&O Ports Australia.
Pambuyo pothandizira izi, P&O Ports idapereka mgwirizanowu ku Adani Gulu polowetsa chilungamo mu gulu la Adani. Kukula kwa doko la Mundra kunayamba kuwona kutalika kwatsopano pambuyo pa izi ndalama. Doko la Mundra tsopano ndi imodzi mwa ng'ombe zazikulu za ndalama za gulu la Adani.
Madoko a Adani ndi Special Exclusive Zones apeza malire a 71% kwazaka zopitilira khumi. Citibank idasankha gulu la Adani kuti lipange malo osakhala a LNG padoko la Hazira. Atalandira mphoto ya tender mu 2009, ntchito yomanga inayamba mu 2010. Dokoli linayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2012.
Pambuyo pake Gautam Adani adakonza zokhazikitsa malo opangira magetsi ku Mundra ndi mphamvu zopangira mphamvu za 5,000 Megawatt. Masiku ano mphamvu zophatikizira zopangira magetsi amtundu wa Adani ndi 4640 Megawatt.
Chiwongoladzanja chake chakwera kwambiri kuchoka pa 3300 crores mu 2000 kufika pa 47,000 crores mu 2013.
Kukula kwa Adani Group ku International Market.
Kukula kwa gulu la Adani kudayamba pakati pa 2009 ndi 2012, pomwe gulu la Adani lidapezanso migodi ya malasha ku Abbot point Portaur, Queensland, Australia.
Powona izi za Adani Gulu, Warburg adayika $110 miliyoni m'madoko a Adani komanso madera apadera azachuma a Adani. French Total yayikanso ndalama zokwana $2.5 Biliyoni ku Adani Greens.
Adani Group in Present
Gulu la Adani ndilomwe limayambitsa gawo la zomangamanga ku India ndipo likuchita nawo magawo angapo.
Adani Gulu, lomwe lakhala likuchita bizinesi yake mozungulira malasha kwa zaka makumi awiri, lidayamba kuwona tsogolo la gulu la Adani kunja kwa mafuta opangira mafuta popanga ndalama zambiri mu gawo la zomangamanga, migodi, madoko, malo opangira magetsi, ndi ma eyapoti, malo opangira data, ndi kupanga chitetezo.
Masiku ano, mabizinesi ofunikira awa a gulu la Adani amatenga gawo lofunikira pakulakalaka kwanthawi yayitali ku India. Munthawi ya mliri, magawo asanu ndi limodzi omwe adalembedwa pagulu la Adani awonjezera madola 79 biliyoni pamtengo wawo.
Munthawi imeneyi, idakulitsa kufikira kumayiko ena mpaka 2020. Adani Gulu idaperekanso ndalama ku chimphona chamafuta aku France Total SE ndi Warburg Pincus LLC. Ili pafupi ndi mafakitale a gulu la Tata ndi Reliance malinga ndi mtengo wake.
Adani Group ndi chiyani?
Adani Group yakhala ikufuna kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa magawo asanu ndi atatu ku mabungwe ake pofika chaka cha 2025. Podzikulitsa m'magawo ena ovuta, Adani Gulu lapezanso maulendo a ndege a ndege zisanu ndi ziwiri za National ndi International Airports ku India, yomwe ili gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu. za kayendetsedwe ka magalimoto ku India.
Kuphatikiza apo, yaganiza zokweza mphamvu zake mowirikiza kasanu ndi katatu kuti ipange magetsi Ongowonjezeranso ku India. Zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi kudzipereka kwa India kukhala dziko losalowerera ndale pofika 2070.
Adani Group adasaina pangano ndi Edgeconnex kuti apange malo osungiramo data ku India konse ndipo akukonzekera kulowa gawo lachitetezo, chifukwa boma la India likukonzekeranso kuchepetsa kutumiza zida zakunja. Titha kunena kuti chidwi chamtsogolo cha Boma la India ndi Adani Group chikugwirizana kwambiri.
Ngongole Yokwera ya Adani Group
Kukula kodabwitsa kwa gulu la Adani pazaka zisanu zapitazi kwakwera mitengo yamagawo amakampani awo ndi misala. Ngati muwona, mitengo ya Adani Power yakwera ndi 800 peresenti, Adani Enterprise ndi 2400 peresenti, ndi Adani Greens ndi 5000 peresenti.
Koma anthu ochepa amadziwa kuti gulu la Adani silikhala paphiri la phindu, koma phiri la ngongole monga ngongole ya Adani Group idakwera ndi 40% mpaka 2.21 Lakh crores mu FY22 malinga ndi Ndalama.
Gulu la Adani lapeza ngongole yodabwitsa ya INR 2.2 thililiyoni. Malinga ndi Credit Issues, pakati pa 2006-07, ndalama za gulu la Adani zinali 16,953 crores motsutsana ndi ngongole ya 4,353 crores, koma mu 2012-13, ndalama zake zinali 47,352 crores motsutsana ndi ngongole ya 81,122 crores.
Ngakhale lero, ngongole yonse ya gulu la Adani ikuyerekeza pafupifupi madola 20 biliyoni. Palinso kuvomerezana kuti ngati tiyesa ndalama zapachaka za Adani Group mosapatula Adani Wilmer, zidzakhala $ 14.2 biliyoni zokha, ndipo phindu lophatikizana la makampani a gulu la Adani lidzakhala $ 1.4 biliyoni yokha.
Oligarchy ndi Politics
Malinga ndi Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, yemwe analemba Biography ya Narendra Modi yotchedwa 'Narendra Modi- The man, The Times.', Gautam Adani ndi Narendra Modi adadziwana kuyambira 2003. Malinga ndi malipoti ambiri, mu 2003, pamene CII inakana kugulitsa ndalama. ku Gujarat poyankha zipolowe, gulu la Gautam Adani lidayika ndalama zokwana 1500 crores pama projekiti osiyanasiyana ku Gujarat.
Ku US, bwalo lazachuma la Wharton India lakana kuyitanidwa kwa Narendra Modi. Adani Group, omwe anali othandizira pamwambo waukuluwo, adachotsanso thandizo lawo loyamba popanda kunena chilichonse. A CAG adawonetsa nthawi ziwiri pomwe boma la Gujarat lidapereka zopindulitsa ku gulu la Adani.
Poyamba, pakati pa 2006-09, Gujarat State petroleum idagulitsa gasi ku Adani Group pamitengo yotsika. Mwa ichi, Adani Gulu adapeza phindu la 70.5 crores. Mu gawo lachiwiri, Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam adangopeza chilango cha 79.8 crores motsutsana ndi 240 crores omwe akuyerekeza ndi CAG.
Adani Group adawonanso kunyalanyazidwa kwapadziko lonse pa nthawi ya 'Stop Adani Movement' pomwe gulu la Adani lidachita nawo gawo la Controversial Carmichael mgodi wa malasha, njanji, ndi doko la Australia.
Kodi kukwera Ngongole Kumawononga Adani Group?
Adani enterprise inali kampani yokhayo yomwe idalembedwa mu malonda akhalire koyambirira chaka cha 2008 chisanafike. Kuchokera mchaka cha 2008 kupita mtsogolo, gulu la Adani linayamba kulemba makampani ake, ndipo tsopano pali makampani asanu ndi awiri omwe alembedwa:
Adani Wilmar, Adani Enterprises, Adani Ports and SEZ, Adani transmission, Adani Green energy, and Adani Gas.
Monga momwe kampaniyo idafunira, gulu la Adani lidapanga dongosolo lovuta kwambiri la malowedwe andalama. Mu 2015-16, Adani Properties yomwe ndi gawo la Adani Enterprises, idagula magawo 9.05 peresenti pakufalitsa kwa Adani monga momwe mungadziwire kuti mabizinesi onsewa ali m'mabizinesi osiyanasiyana.
Mu 2017-18, katundu wa Adani adatuluka ku Adani Transmission.
Pamene panali kulumpha kwakukulu mkati katundu mitengo ya Adani Transmission pakati pa chaka chogula ndi chaka chotuluka. Pakati pa nthawizi, monga mu June 2015, mtengo wa katundu wa gulu la Adani unali 27.6 Rupee, womwe unakwera kufika pa 126 rupees mu 2017.
Gulu la Adani likadayika ndalama zokwana zana mu 2015, zikanakhala 400 crores mu 2017. Ndalamayi imakhala mkati mwa kampani pamene ikufunika ndi gulu la Adani; atha kugulitsa masheya ake kuti agwire ntchito yomanga.
Kachiwiri, pakati pa 2013-18 Adani Power adalimbana ndi ndalama zake. Zinali choncho chifukwa pomanga pulojekiti yamagetsi ku Mundra, ankayembekezera kupeza malasha otsika mtengo kuchokera ku Indonesia.
Pamene Indonesia idakweza mtengo wa malasha omwe amatumizidwa kunja, Adani Power Mundra adanena kuti mtengo wake wa malasha udakwera kwambiri kotero kuti sakanathanso kupereka mphamvu zowonjezera pamitengo yeniyeni.
Chifukwa chake panthawiyi, malipoti apachaka akampani akuwonetsa nthawi zingapo pomwe mabizinesi a Adani adapereka ngongole mwachindunji kwa Adani Power komanso mosadukiza kudzera m'mabungwe monga Infra India kapena Kutch Power generation.
Kotero, zovuta zonsezi za kuvomereza ndi kuphatikiza ndi masomphenya a nthawi yayitali a gulu la Adani mumayendedwe awiri okha. Kugula ndalama mu kampani yamagulu kuti mupange ndalama, ndipo m'tsogolomu, pogwiritsa ntchito ngongole yokhazikika ya kampani ya Adani group kuti muwongolere ndalama ku kampani yomwe ili ndi mavuto ikafunika.
Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumakampani osiyanasiyana a gulu la Adani lomwe lili ndi makampani asanu ndi awiri osiyanasiyana omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri.
Ndi kusuntha uku, Adani Group ikhoza kupanga kukula m'matangadza awo, ndipo nkhanizi zikafika kunyumba zofalitsa nkhani, zimalengeza za kukwera mtengo kwa gawo la Adani.
Itha kupeza ndalama zowonjezera kudzera mu ndalama za anthu m'mabungwe a Adani Group.
Kutsiliza
Kukwera kodabwitsa kwa Adani Group m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi kwasiya chidwi kwambiri pachuma cha India. Masiku ano Adani Group ikulamula gawo lomwe likukulirakulira pamsika waku India wongowonjezedwanso wa Solar, kufalitsa mphamvu, ndi msika wogawa gasi wakumatauni waku India.
Gautam Adani, yemwe amadziwikanso kuti Modi's Rockefeller, monga pansi pa boma la Modi, phindu lake lakwera ndi 230%. Pamene boma likuyang'ana kwambiri pakuchotsa malamulo a Boma la PSU.
M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, adapambananso ndalama zoposa $26 biliyoni m'matenda a boma ndi ntchito za Infrastructure m'dziko lonselo. malinga ndi Financial Times.
Koma zidzakhala zosangalatsa kuona momwe Adani Group, yomwe pakali pano ikukhala pa phiri la ngongole, idzayenda pamzere wochepa kwambiri wa ngongole yowonjezereka ndikusunga kampaniyo pakukula kokhazikika.
Siyani Mumakonda