Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masheya omwe munthu angachite nawo, ku India. Stock ndiye nthawi yomwe timagawana nawo magawo.
Gawo limodzi la masheyawo limayimira umwini wamakampani m'magawo ochepa.
Mukakhala ndi masheya ambiri pakampani, gawo lanu kapena umwini wanu pakampani umakwera.
Masheya awa amagulitsidwa m'misika iwiri ku India, the Malingaliro a kampani National Stock Exchange ndi Bombay Stock Exchange.
Makampani omwe amalemba magawo awo kwa nthawi yoyamba amazichita pamsika woyamba. Komabe, msika wachiwiri umalola osunga ndalama kugula ndikugulitsa magawo amakampani omwe adatchulidwa kale.
Masheya ku India amagawidwa kutengera magawo 7 osiyanasiyana. Mbali izi ndi -
Kutengera ma stock class/ufulu wovota:
Kugawika kumeneku kumatengera ufulu wovota wa omwe ali ndi masheya.
- Masheya ena sapatsa ogawana mphamvu zovota pamsonkhano wapachaka. Chifukwa chake, alibe chonena pazisankho za oyang'anira.
- Pomwe masheya ena amalola eni ake masheya kutenga nawo gawo pazosankha zonse.
Ali ndi ufulu wovota, ndipo maganizo awo ndi ofunika asanatenge chiganizo chilichonse cha utsogoleri.
Mwachitsanzo, Tata Motors, Pantaloons Retail India, masheya onse amakampaniwa amapatsa omwe ali ndi ufulu wovota.
- Masheya ena amalolanso ogawana nawo mavoti angapo pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zamakampani.
Kutengera mayendedwe amitengo:
Masheya ena amagawidwa malinga ndi momwe mitengo imayendera. Zimadalira kayendetsedwe ka mitengo yamtengo wapatali kapena kutsutsana ndi phindu la kampani.
Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya masitoko otere -
- Masheya odzitchinjiriza: Masheya awa nthawi zambiri sada nkhawa ndi zachuma komanso / kapena zachuma.
Amaganiziridwa pamene msika uli mu gawo la chimbalangondo, mwachitsanzo, otsika kapena osauka. Mwachitsanzo, makampani azakudya ndi zakumwa ali m'gulu ili.
- Ma cyclic stocks: Ma stock akampani omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zachuma komanso/kapena zachuma mdziko muno amawona kusinthasintha kwakukulu ndikusintha kwamisika. Awa ndi ma cyclical stocks.
Masheya awa amakula mwachangu panthawi yachitukuko, ndipo kukula kwawo kumachepa pang'onopang'ono.
Kotero, tikhoza kunena kuti amagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi zochitika zachuma. Sitoko zamagalimoto ndi chitsanzo cha masheya agululi.
Kutengera malipiro agawo:
Gawo logawanika ndilo gawo la phindu logawidwa ndi kampani kwa omwe ali nawo. Nthawi zina zimakhala zokwera, nthawi zina zotsika.
Nthawi zina zimakhazikika, ndipo nthawi zina zimatengera phindu la chaka.
- Growth Stocks: Munthu amaika ndalama m'matangadzawa kuti apindule ndi kubwezeretsanso kampani. Samapereka zopindula zambiri. Komabe, kubwezeretsanso kumapangitsa kuti kampaniyo ikule mofulumira; chifukwa chake, dzina.
Mtengo wa magawo umakulanso mwachangu ndi kukula kwa kampani. Imalola osunga ndalama kuti apindule kudzera pakubweza kwakukulu (ie kusiyana pakati pa mtengo womwe adagula nawo gawolo ndi mtengo wapano wagawolo).
Ndizoyenera kwambiri kwa osunga ndalama omwe akufuna nthawi yayitali kukula. Amene akufunafuna gwero laposachedwa la ndalama kapena ndalama zomwe amapeza sayenera kudalira kwambiri magawowa.
Amakhalanso ndi chiopsezo chachikulu kuposa ena.
- Ndalama zomwe amapeza: Masheya awa amapereka gawo lalikulu poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa masheya.
Kupindula kwakukulu kumabweretsa ndalama zambiri, motero, dzina.
Izi zimaperekedwa ndi kampani yokhazikika yomwe ingakwanitse kupeza zopindula zokhazikika. Koma makampaniwa saperekanso kukula kwakukulu m'tsogolomu.
Masheya awa ndi ndalama zabwino kwa aliyense amene akufuna kupeza ndalama.
Ndalama zomwe zimagawika sizokhometsedwa msonkho ndipo ndizabwino kwa omwe amaika ndalama pachiwopsezo.
Kutengera kukula kwa msika:
Kukula kwa msika wamakampani aliwonse ndi magawo ake onse.
Kuwerengera kwake ndikuchulukitsa mtengo wamasheya wamakampani ndi kuchuluka kwa magawo omwe atsala pamsika.
Izi ndi mitundu ikuluikulu ya 3 yama stock yotengera kukula kwa msika -
- Masheya akuluakulu: Awa ndi masitoko a mabizinesi okhazikika okhala ndi ndalama zambiri.
Ndi makampani a blue-chip komanso otchuka kwambiri. Masheya awa amabwera ndi phindu lopeza phindu lalikulu.
ICICI Bank, Bharti Airtel, ndi Coal India ndi zitsanzo za masheya akuluakulu ku India.
- Mid-cap stocks: Awa ndi masitoko amakampani apakati.
Ali ndi mtengo wamsika wa INR 250 crore mpaka INR 4,000 crore.
Makampaniwa ali ndi mwayi wokulirapo komanso dzina lodziwika pamsika.
Relaxo Footwear ndi Polycab India ndi ena mwa masheya apakati omwe munthu amatha kuchita nawo.
Pansipa pali mndandanda wama stock omwe akuchita bwino kwambiri apakati komanso akulu mu 2020-21.
- Masheya ang'onoang'ono: Ma stock awa ali ndi kukula kochepa kwambiri pamsika.
Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti sangathe kupitirira masheya akuluakulu. Iwo angakhozedi!
Kukula kwamakampani kokha ndikocheperako, kukhala ndi ndalama zamsika zofikira INR 250 crore.
Ngati ndinu munthu amene mukuyang'ana kuchita nthawi yayitali popanda kukhala ndi zolinga zagawidwe zaposachedwa, masheya ang'onoang'ono ndi anu.
Iwo ali ndi kuthekera kwakukula bwino ndipo amachitira umboni kupindula kwakukulu pakati pa kusinthasintha kwamitengo. Makampaniwa ndi atsopano pamsika.
Bajaj Consumer Care ndi kagawo kakang'ono kabwino kwa Investor yemwe akufuna kukula kwanthawi yayitali komanso kupindula komwe kungatheke.
Kutengera umwini:
Pali mitundu itatu ya masheya yotengera umwini, yomwe imapatsa osunga ndalama ufulu wosiyanasiyana komanso kuthekera kokulirapo pakapita nthawi.
- Masheya omwe amakonda komanso wamba: Masheya omwe amakonda amapatsa osunga ndalama zogawanika chaka chilichonse, mosasamala kanthu za phindu lawo. Zogulitsa wamba, komabe, sizimapereka gawo lokhazikika chaka chilichonse.
Kusasinthika kwamitengo m'matangadza okondedwa ndikocheperako poyerekeza ndi zomwe wamba. Masheya wamba amapeza phindu nthawi zonse pomwe kampaniyo ili ndi zochulukirapo zoti ipereke.
Ogulitsa wamba ali ndi ufulu wovota; komabe, eni ake omwe amakonda samatero.
Zokonda amagawidwanso m'magulu atatu -
- Magawo okondedwa okulirapo: Amapatsa mwiniwakeyo ufulu ku magawo onse omwe adatsika m'mbuyomu. Mwanjira iyi, wogawana nawo samataya gawo lake la zopindula.
- Zokonda zomwe sizikuchulukirachulukira: Monga dzina likunenera, magawowa samachulukana malipiro. Izi zili choncho chifukwa mapinduwa amachoka pa phindu lomwe kampani yapeza chaka chino. Chifukwa chake, zopindulitsa zomwe zatayika ngati zitatayika siziyenera kubwerezedwa m'zaka zikubwerazi.
- Magawo okonda kuwomboledwa: Magawo awa ali ndi mwayi wokhoza kuyimbidwa. Kampaniyo ikhoza kuwombola mapindu awa pambuyo pake. Kampaniyo isanamalize mtengo womwe amagulira nawo magawo.
- Ma stock a Hybrid: Makampani ena amapereka magawo omwe amakonda komanso mwayi wosintha kukhala masheya wamba pambuyo pake.
Izi zimaphatikizanso zinthu zina, monga chiwongola dzanja chokhazikitsidwa ndi kampani yomwe.
Amatchedwanso masitoko osankhidwa osinthika, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala ndi ufulu wovota ndipo nthawi zina alibe.
Masheya okhala ndi njira yotsatiridwa yochokera: Masheya otere sapezeka nthawi zambiri ndipo ndi 'oyimbika' kapena 'wowoneka bwino'.
Izi zikutanthawuza kuti stockable stock ili ndi mwayi wogula wogulidwanso ndi kampani nthawi yomweyo, pamtengo wina panthawi inayake.
Komabe, katundu wotheka amapatsa mwiniwakeyo kuti azigulitsa ku kampani nthawi iliyonse, pamtengo wina.
Kutengera zoyambira:
Ogulitsa ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mtengo wagawo uyenera kukhala wofanana ndi mtengo wamkati cha gawo.
Mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa gawo lililonse ndi mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa katunduyo, mwachitsanzo, katundu.
Magawo oterowo ali amitundu iwiri -
- Masheya ochulukirachulukira: Masheya awa amaposa mtengo wamkati motero amawonedwa ngati okwera mtengo.
- Magawo Opanda mtengo: Ngati mtengo wagawo uli wonse uli wocheperapo poyerekeza ndi mtengo wake, ndiye kuti gawolo ndilopanda phindu. Izi ndi zabwino kugula!
Kutengera zoopsa:
Kuopsa kwa katundu kumadalira kusinthasintha kwa mtengo wake. Zosungirako zosasinthika ndizowopsa, ndipo zomwe sizili zotetezeka.
Komabe, masheya a riskier amapereka kubweza kwapamwamba kwa osunga ndalama ndi masheya, omwe ali pachiwopsezo chochepa, amabweretsa phindu lochepa.
Wogulitsa aliyense ndi imodzi mwa mitundu iwiriyi. Mmodzi ndi wabizinesi wosasamala yemwe sakufuna kuchita zoopsa zambiri ndipo akufuna kuyika ndalama zotetezeka.
Safuna kubweza ndalama zambiri koma kubweza kokhazikika.
Kumbali ina, osunga ndalama ena amakhala ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu ndipo ali okonzeka kuyika ndalama m'matangadza owopsa. Amachita bwino popeza zobweza zambiri kuchokera m'matangadzawo ndipo samadandaula kuti adzataya zochuluka.
Kutengera izi, masheya amagawidwa motere:
- Magawo a Beta: The beta imatchedwanso muyeso wa ngozi. Mumapeza beta powerengera kusinthasintha kwamitengo ya stock/share.
Ngati beta ili yabwino, zikutanthauza kuti katunduyo akuyenda mogwirizana ndi msika. Ngati beta ndi yolakwika, ndiye kuti masheya akuyenda motsutsa. Beta ikakwera, chiwopsezo chimakwera.
Ngati mtengo wa beta utuluka kukhala wopitilira 1, ukuwonetsa chiwopsezo chachikulu komanso kuti masheya amakhala osakhazikika pamsika.
Otsatsa omwe ali ndi chidziwitso cha beta amapanga zisankho moyenera.
- Ma stock a Blue-chip: Awa ndi masheya akampani omwe ali ndi ngongole zochepa komanso zopeza zokhazikika.
Awa ndi makampani odziwika bwino ndipo sali owopsa kwambiri kuti akhazikitsemo. Amaperekanso magawo okhazikika, choncho ndi oyenera kwa Investor kufunafuna gwero lokhazikika la ndalama zachiwiri.
Makampani awa ndi kubetcha kwabwino kwambiri kwa anthu omwe amafunafuna njira zotetezeka zamabizinesi ndi makampani abwino komanso okhazikika pazachuma.
POMALIZA:
Taphunzira mitundu yambiri ya masheya pamwambapa, zomwe zikutsimikizira kuti pali mitundu ya masheya amtundu uliwonse wamalonda pamsika.
Anthu omwe akuyang'ana kuti agwiritse ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, kwa nthawi yochepa, osunga ndalama omwe akufunafuna chiopsezo chachikulu komanso chiopsezo chochepa, osunga ndalama omwe amafunikira gwero lokhazikika la ndalama zachiwiri ndi osunga ndalama omwe sasamala za malipiro okhazikika.
Ziribe kanthu kuti ndiwe wotani wamalonda, wankhanza kapena wochenjera, pali zambiri zomwe mungasankhe pamsika wamasheya zomwe mungasankhe.
Pali masanjidwe angapo amasheya okhala ndi zabwino ndi zoyipa zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakupindulitsani komanso zimakhala ndi mtengo wa mwayi.
Malinga ndi kuyenerera kwanu komanso zomwe mukuyang'ana, mutha kuyang'ana masheya osiyanasiyana ndikuyikamo ndalama poganizira chiwopsezo chanu komanso zolinga zanu zachuma!
Siyani Mumakonda