Banking haishande nekukweretesa mari!
Ndine chokwadi kuti mungadai makanzwa mashoko aya. Kunyange nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzakadai saProf Hyman Minsky vanotaura nezvekushanda kwemabhangi uye vanotaura zvakajeka kuti Mabhangi haakweretesi mari. Zvinonzwika kuvhiringa, handiti?
Zvinoenderana nemabhuku echinyakare ekutanga ehupfumi, mabhanga anomiririrwa sevayananisi vezvemari vane basa rekutanga kubatanidza vanokwereta kune vanochengetedza.
Nemashoko akapfava, mabhanga haasi chimwe chinhu asi vamiririri vanofungika muhupfumi hwanhasi huri kusimukira.
Hurongwa hwese hwebhangi hunotenderedza dziva remari rinosanganisira munhu anotambira anobhadharwa pamusoro pezvido zvagara zvichidiwa, anoisa imwe mari kubhanga rakasimbiswa. Iri rinozivikanwa sedura remari.
Nemari idzi, bhanga rinokweretesa kune avo vane mari inowira pasi peyakajairwa kushandiswa. Saka, mabhangi anoshanda pane chikamu chebhangi rebhangi system, kuburikidza iyo mabhanga anokweretesa kupfuura iyo mari yakaiswa.
Asi ko kana ndikati mabhanga anoita mari yakawanda paanokwereta?
Ehe, iyi imari yekuwedzera mhedzisiro inosimudzira kutenderera kwemari.
Tichitaura nezvekukweretesa mari, nhasi tiri kuzeya mashandiro anoita bhanga guru renyika kana risingakweretesi mari.
Saka, ngatitangei kutanga!
Bhangi Rinoshanda Sei?
Zviripachena kubva kumusoro kuti kukweretesa kwebhanga guru renyika kunotsamira pakukura kwemari dzevatengi. Uye kuti uwedzere muganho wekukweretesa, mabhanga anofanirwa kukwezva vatengi vazhinji kune madhipoziti matsva.
Neizvi, zvinogona kutaurwa zviri nyore kuti madhipoziti anogadzira zvikwereti.
Kukweretesa kwebhangi kunoshanda padzidziso yekuwandisa mari, iyo inoshanda nguva dzose nefractional reserve banking. Pano, chikamu chiduku chete chemari yakaiswa inoda kuchengetwa mumari kana kuiswa muakaundi yebhangi rebhizimisi kubhangi guru.
Mari iyi inotarwa nezvinodiwa zvakachengetwa, iyo inodzokororwa mari inoonekwa seyakawanda yereserve inova iyo bhanga inokweretesa.
Naizvozvo, kana chinodiwa chekuchengetedza chakatsanangurwa se10% uye chinowedzera gumi, mabhangi anogona kukweretesa kagumi kupfuura zvakachengetwa.
Chimwe chinhu chinokanganisa kukweretesa kwebhangi igwaro rezvemari rebhanga guru renyika, iro rinopedzisa sarudzo pamusoro pekuwedzera kana kuderera kwemari yekuchengetedza. Nekudaro, neiyo yakasarudzika yemutemo mutemo wemari uye kurambidzwa kuwedzera chengetedzo, imwe chete nzira yekuti mabhanga awedzere kugona kwavo kukweretesa ndeye kuchengetedza madhipoziti matsva.
Uye sezvatinoziva, zvikwereti zvinogadzirwa nemadhipoziti, zvichireva kuti mabhangi anoda mari yevatengi kuti vaenderere mberi nezvikwereti.
Nzira yeZvikwereti zveBhangi
Nemashoko akareruka, mabhanga anowanzoita mari yakawanda kana achinge akweretesa, izvo zvinosimudzira kutenderera kwemari.
Mabhanga anozivikanwa kuti ane kodzero yekupa zvikwereti zvinopihwa nehurumende pasina kuwana dhipoziti pakutanga. Mari yekukweretesa yemabhangi inotarwa nemutemo nemitemo yebhangi guru.
Nekudaro, bhanga repakati rinorairawo mabhanga ekutengesa kuti abate imwe mari yemvura, inogona kunge iri mari kana chero chinhu chinogona kukurumidza kutengeswa zvine chekuita nechikwereti chakambopihwa.
Kugadzira Mari nemaBhangi
Nzira yekukweretesa yemabhangi inozivikanwa nekugadzira mari, iyo inomuka zvakanyanya kubva kuzvinhu zviviri. Izvi ndezvi:
Kaviri Kupinda Accounting
Nenzira iyi, kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva zvechikwereti, bhangi rinoda kugadzirwa kwechikwereti chakaenzana. Iyi inova dhipoziti nyowani mubhangi yakagadzirwa nechikwereti chitsva.
Semuyenzaniso, ngatitii bhangi rinokweretesa 100 kuvatengi varo, rinobva ragadzira imwe mari yechikwereti inokosha INR 100, inova dhipoziti itsva.
Kuyera uye tsanangudzo yemari
Pane nzira mbiri dzemari:
- Base money: Yakagadzirwa neCentral Bank (mari uye mabhengi reserves).
- Mari yakawanda: Yakagadzirwa nePrivate sector, iyo inoverengera mune zviyero zvekupa mari.
Chikamu chikuru chemari inoshandiswa nevanhu zuva nezuva imari yakawanda. Semuenzaniso, kana mushandirwi achiendesa muhoro wako zvakananga kuaccount yako yekubhangi, imari yakafara. Saizvozvo, kana iwe uchibhadhara chero chikwereti chemba, imari yakafara. Mari inoonekwa semari yekutanga chete kana uri mubhangi.
Kunze kwemabhanga, kadhi mibatanidzwa inopawo zvikwereti uye kugadzira zvikwereti-dhipoziti pairi. Zvakadaro, vanogadzira chete "kiredhiti," kwete "mari," sezvo madhipoziti avo asingaverengerwe muM1 (mari yakamanikana ine yakawanda liquidity uye nyore pakutengeserana). Nekudaro, vatengi vanogona kushandisa kiredhiti kutenga sezvo ichitevedzera mari.
Zvishandiso zveCentral Bank Monetary Policy
Kugona kukweretesa kwemabhanga kunoenderana nehurongwa hwemari hwemabhanga. Iko kune zvakanyanya maturusi mana eMonetary policy yeCentral Bank. Izvi ndezvi:
Reserve Zvinodiwa
Inoreva huwandu hwemari iyo mabhanga anofanira kuchengeta. Inochengetwa mungave mumavhavha kana maakaundi ebhangi rebhangi kubhangi repakati. Izvo zvakaderera zvakachengetwa zvinodiwa zvinoratidza kuti mabhanga anokweretesa yakawanda, inozivikanwa seyekuwedzera mari mutemo, sezvo ichigadzira chikwereti.
Nepo izvo zvinodikanwa zvekuchengetedza zvakanyanya zvinoratidza kuti mabhanga anokweretesa mari shoma, inozivikanwa secontractionary monetary policy. Zvinobva zvanyanya kuoma kumabhanga madiki sezvo vasina mari yakakwana yekukweretesa kare. Ichi ndicho chikonzero mabhanga epakati achidzivirira mabhanga madiki ane zvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza.
Open Market Operations
Chishandiso chinotevera ndecheOpen Market Operations, zvinoreva kutenga nekutengesa zvibatiso zvehurumende nebhanga guru renyika. Kutsinhana uku kunoitwa pakati pemabhanga epakati nemabhanga akazvimirira.
Kana bhanga repakati richitenga zvibatiso zvehurumende, huwandu hwemabhangi hunowedzera, izvo zvinowedzera muganho wekukweretesa wemabhanga. Kana vachitengesa chibatiso, chinowedzera kumabhanga. Chiyero papepa, zvichikonzera kuderera kwemari inobata. Naizvozvo, muganhu wekukweretesa unodzikira.
Saka, mabhanga epakati anotenga zvibatiso kuti ave negwaro rekuwedzera remari uye kutengesa zvakafanana kuti aite chibvumirano chechibvumirano kana chakasimba chemari.
Uye ndipo panouya kushanda kwemusika wakavhurika, izvo zvinoita kuti Federal Reserves itarise iyo fed fund rate. Fed funds ndiyo mari yakakweretwa nebhanga guru kubva kune rimwe bhangi rine mari yakawandisa.
Mbereko yainodzoserwa nayo ndiyo fed fund rate. Ndipo panopinda Open Market Operations nekugadzira mukana wekuti mabhanga azadzise chinangwa chavo.
Mutengo Wechikamu
Izvi zvinoreva chiyero icho bhanga guru rinopa mari kumabhanga ari nhengo pahwindo rekuderedzwa. Iyo inowanzokwira kupfuura iyo yakadyiswa mari yemari, iyo inoratidza kuti chiyero chekuderedzwa chinoshandiswa chete kana mabhanga asingakwanisi kukwereta mari kubva kune mamwe mabhanga.
Pamwe chete neiyi hwindo rekuderedzwa, kusarura kunouya kwakabatanidzwa!
Kana chero bhangi rinoshandisa hwindo rekuderedzwa, rinoonekwa seri mumatambudziko emari mumaziso enharaunda yemari.
Interest on Reserves
Mbereko pamatura yakaitwa mushure medambudziko remari ra2008. Bhanga reEngland, The Federal Reserve, neEuropean Central Bank vanobhadhara imwe mari yemumba kana mabhanga akabata mari yakawandisa.
Mari yakawandisa inodzikiswa apo Fed inoda kuti mabhanga akweretese zvakawanda uye zvinopesana kana ichida kuti bhangi rikweretese zvishoma. Ichi chishandiso chinouyawo mukuzadzikisa chinangwa chemari inodyiswa.
Maturusi eMonetary Policy anoshanda sei?
Basa rekutanga rebhanga guru rezvemari maturusi emari ari kuwedzera uye kudzikisira huwandu hwemari. Inoreva huwandu hwemari inowanikwa bhizimisi uye kukweretesa. Inosanganisirawo mari nechikwereti zvinodyiwa nemutengi.
Zvishandiso izvi zvinotariswa zvakanyanya kupfuura mari inopihwa, inozivikanwa seM1 neM2. Chiratidzo chekare chinoreva mari uye cheki deposits, nepo yekupedzisira ichireva mari yemusika wemari, maakaundi ekuchengetedza, uye maCD.
Kushanda kweBhangi muChaiyo-nguva
Munguva yanhasi, mari inowanzoita semadhipoziti pachinzvimbo chekugadzirwa nevachengetedzi vanopa mabhanga kuti atore mari yavo. Kana mabhangi achiwedzera chikwereti chavo, madhipoziti anogadzirwa.
Pamari yekukweretesa, mabhanga anoita zvinyorwa zviviri zvakasiyana - imwe kudivi remidziyo nepo imwe iri kudivi rechikwereti - pabharanzi. Chikwereti chinoshanda sechipo kumabhangi uye, nekudaro, chinogadzira madhipoziti matsva, anoita semutoro kune kubatwa kwevatengi.
Uye kana zviri izvo, saka mabhanga ega ega anogadzira mari, izvo zvinova zvinopesana nekodzero uye mutoro weCentral Bank mukuita kudaro. Chokwadi ndechekuti mabhanga haakwanise kugadzira mari pasina kubatanidzwa kwebhangi guru, uko kuri kuwedzera nekudzikira kwekuchengetedza zvinodiwa kunoshanda.
Izvo zvinodikanwa zvekuchengetedza hazvigone kutorwa sechisungo chinosunga pamabhangi kukwanisa kukweretesa, izvo zvisingaderedze kuyerera kwekugadzira mari. Saka, mabhanga anokweretesa mari vobva vatsvaga mari inodiwa yavanoda gare gare.
mhedziso
Mabhangi haakweretesi; vanogadzira mari ex nihilo pakukweretesa.
Vanongokweretesa chete matura akagadzirwa neCentral bank kune mumwe nemumwe. Iyo yekuchengetera uye liquidity inodikanwa inovimbisa kuti mabhanga anogadzirisa zvinotarisirwa kubviswa kwevatengi dhipoziti.
Uyezve, Profitability Tarisiro inoonekwa seimwe yezvipimo zvinotungamira pamabhangi 'kugona kukweretesa. Mabhanga ane simba rekukweretesa mari kutanga ozotsvaga mareserve ekuvhara. Kune izvi, ivo vanowanzo kukwezva vatengi vatsva kuti vachengetedze madhipoziti.
Naizvozvo, Mabhangi haadi mari yevatengi, uye inzira yakachipa kuti vabate madhipoziti ako kupfuura mamwe mabhanga.
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