Phawula – Iqela le-Adani linexesha elidlulileyo elinomthunzi. Oku kusanda kufunyaniswa kuphando olwenziwa yi-Hindenburg Research - ifemu egxile ekuthengiseni ixesha elifutshane. Unga funda ingxelo epheleleyo yophando apha, kwaye ndincoma kakhulu ukuba wenze njalo ukuba utyale imali kuyo nayiphi na iinkampani ze-Adani Group.
Oku kuye kwaba mbi ngakumbi, funda entsha uphando ngu-FT apha.
UGautam Adani waqala uhambo lwakhe kwintsapho encinci yamaJain e-Ahmedabad. Kwiminyaka yakhe yokuqala yama-20, uGautam Adani wenza isidanga sorhwebo kwiYunivesithi yaseGujarat.
Nangona kunjalo, wayishiya imfundo yakhe yasekholeji kunyaka wakhe wesibini waza wagqiba ekubeni agxile kwishishini lomntakwabo.
UTatas noBirlas babumba ibali lokukhula kweIndiya emva kweNkululeko, kodwa iqela le-Adani liye laba sisithethantonye sokudala ubutyebi ngenkulungwane yama-21.
Ixabiso likaGautam Adani lilindeleke ukuba libe yi-114 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, kwaye ngoku nguye Owesine ngoyena mntu usisityebi emhlabeni. Iinkampani zakhe ezisixhenxe ezibhalisiweyo zinenkunzi yemalike emalunga ne-197.49 yeebhiliyoni zeedola (ngoJulayi 19, 2022).
Ukwandiswa kweqela le-Adani
Ukunyuka kweQela le-Adani akuyona into yosuku olunye. Makhe sibone ukunyuka kwe-Adani Group inyathelo ngenyathelo, ukusuka ekuqaleni kude kube ngoku, kwaye zithini izicwangciso zabo zokwandisa kwixesha elizayo:
Uhambo lukaGautam Adani lwaqala xa umkhuluwa wakhe uMansukhbhai Adani wambiza evela eMumbai ngo-1981.
UGautam Adani, ngelo xesha, wayesebenzela abazalwana baseMahindra njengomhluzi wedayimani ukususela ngowe-1978. UMansukhbhai Adani wammisela kumzi-mveliso wakhe weplastiki ukuze avelele lo msebenzi. Ngaloo ndlela, ishishini leplastiki laba lisango lobukumkani bexesha elizayo beqela le-Adani.
Ekuqaleni, ishishini lakhe lalijongene nobunzima obuninzi, ubukhulu becala ukunqongophala kweegranules zeplastiki. Ekoyiseni oku kunqongophala, wayefuna iitoni ezingama-20 zePVC nyanga nganye ukuze agcine intloko yenkampani yakhe ingangeni emanzini.
Nangona kunjalo, isivumelwano savela kumvelisi okuphela kwakhe waseIndiya IPCL, owayengaboneleli ngeplastiki ngokufanelekileyo ngexesha.
UGautam Adani woyisa obu bunzima ngeegranule zeplastiki ngokungenisa iigranule zeplastiki kwilizwe laseKandla ngo-1988.
Ngokutsho kwelinye igosa lenkcubeko ka-Adani,
"Ebudeni bokuguquguquka kwamaxabiso emarike yeegranules zeplastiki, xa ezinye izindlu zamashishini zingakwazanga ukuzalisekisa isivumelwano sazo, uGautam Adani wayekuphela komntu owazalisekisa isithembiso sakhe.. "
Iqela le-Adani kwiminyaka yama-80s kunye nakwi-90s yasekuqaleni.
Kungekudala emva kokusombulula ukunqongophala kweplastiki, u-Adani waqokelela iLetter of Authorization evela kumenzi omncinci weplastiki waza waqala ukubeka ii-odolo zePVC ezininzi; kwaye emva kwexesha elithile, i-Adani Group ibotshelelwe kunye neGujarat State Export Corporation ukwandisa ishishini leqela.
Njengoko yayibonelela ngegalelo kumashishini amancinci kunye nokudibanisa zonke izicelo phantsi kwe-GSEC, uGautam Adani wayezicimile iimfuno zeLetter of Authorisation.
Ngokungenisa, u-Adani wayedla ngokugqithisa i-GSEC imveliso yemfuno yabo, kwaye wayedla ngokuthengisa iimveliso eziseleyo ngenzuzo enhle kwabanye abathengi.
Kungekudala, wanikwa ilayisenisi yokungenisa elizweni ngurhulumente waseGujarat enosilingi yeecrores ezili-12 iLetter of Authorisation.
Ngesi sigaba, ishishini leqela le-Adani lakhula ngesantya esinzima. Phakathi kuka-1988 no-1992, umthamo wokungenisa elizweni wenkampani yase-Adani unyuke ukusuka kwi-100 yeetoni zeemetric ukuya kuma-40,000 eetoni zeemetric.
Ngaphezu koko, uAdani waqala ukungenisa iimpahla zepetroleum kunye neekhemikhali kunye neegranule zePVC. Iqela le-Adani, kunye nexesha, lazandisa ngokwalo ekuthunyelweni kweemveliso, kwaye ngokukhawuleza iqela lika-Adani lavela njengendlu yorhwebo yenkwenkwezi, eyanciphisa imfuno yeziqinisekiso zebhanki.
Iqela le-Adani ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90
Iqela le-Adani, kunye ne-EXIM Business, yandiswe kwishishini leziseko zophuhliso ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90. Wagqiba ekubeni angene kumazibuko nakwiprojekthi yezityalo. Ngenxa yoko, i-port yaseMundra yaba yiprojekthi yakhe yokuqala yemali.
Kodwa iqela lika-Adani laqala ukujongana nokugxekwa kwezopolitiko ngeprojekthi yakhe yezibuko evela kwabezopolitiko abanempembelelo njengoGeorge Fernandes. Kamva baqalisa ukujongana nelahleko enkulu ngenxa yokulibaziseka kweeprojekthi zabo eKandla naseMumbai Port.
U-Adani wagqiba ekubeni aguqule i-Mundra ibe yi-port yangasese yokubanjelwa ukusombulula ingxaki yokulibaziseka.
Iqela le-Adani kunye ne-Mundra Port
Uhlaziyo lwe-LPG lwenzeka e-Indiya ngo-1991. Urhulumente wase-Gujarat ngo-1994 wagqiba ekubeni alawule amazibuko amatsha njengendibaniselwano yorhulumente kunye neenkampani zabucala. Yagqiba kuluhlu lwezibuko ze-10, kuquka negama le-port yaseMundra.
Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwezoqoqosho kwichweba laseMundra, uRhulumente waseGujarat ubhengeze ukukhutshwa kwabaphathi bechweba laseMundra, kwaye kwi-1995, isivumelwano sanikezelwa kwiqela le-Adani. Inqanawa yokuqala yaziwa ngokumiswa kwizibuko laseMundra ngo-1998.
Phakathi kuka-1998 no-2002, i-Adani iye yanda kwishishini lamalahle kunye ne-Thermal power plant kodwa ayizange iphumelele ingako. Ukukhula kwezibuko laseMundra phakathi kwale minyaka mine yayingeyonto ingaqhelekanga, kwaye noGautam Adani wabanga ukuba isigqibo sakhe sokuthatha izibuko laseMundra sibuyile.
IQela lika-Adani elikhulayo.
Ixesha lokutshintsha ikamva lafika kwi-Adani Group xa izibuko laseKandla ngonyaka ka-2000 lathatha isigqibo sokuzibetha ngokwala unikezelo lomnye wawona basebenzi bukhulu bezibuko iP&O Ports Australia.
Emva kolu ncedo, i-P&O Ports yanikezela ngesi sivumelwano kwiQela le-Adani ngokufaka i-equity kwiqela le-Adani. Ukukhula kwezibuko laseMundra kwaqala ukubona ukuphakama okutsha emva koku utyalo. Izibuko laseMundra ngoku lelinye leenkomo eziphambili zemali kwiqela le-Adani.
Amazibuko ase-Adani kunye neMimandla eKhethekileyo eKhethekileyo azuze umda wokusebenza wama-71% ngaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi. I-Citibank ikhethe iqela le-Adani lokuphuhlisa i-terminal engeyiyo ye-LNG kwi-port yase-Hazira. Emva kokuthatha ibhaso lethenda ngo-2009, ulwakhiwo lwaqala ngo-2010. Izibuko laqala ukusebenza ngo-2012.
UGautam Adani kamva waceba ukuseka indawo yombane e-Mundra ene-5,000 Megawatt amandla okuvelisa amandla. Namhlanje amandla adibeneyo okuvelisa amandla ombane oshushu weqela le-Adani yi-4640 Megawatt.
Ingeniso yakhe inyuke ngokumangalisayo ukusuka kwi-3300 ye-crores ngo-2000 ukuya kwi-47,000 ye-crores ngo-2013.
Ukwandiswa kweqela le-Adani kwiMarike yeHlabathi.
Ukwandiswa kweqela le-Adani kwaqala phakathi kuka-2009 kunye no-2012, xa iqela le-Adani lafumana imigodi yamalahle yase-Abbot point Portaur, Queensland, Australia.
Ngokubona eli nyathelo leQela le-Adani, iWarburg ityale i-110 yezigidi zeedola kumazibuko ase-Adani kunye nemimandla ekhethekileyo yezoqoqosho yase-Adani. ITotali yaseFransi ityale imali eyi-2.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwi-Adani Greens.
Iqela le-Adani ngoku
Iqela le-Adani ngenene linguvulindlela kwicandelo leziseko ezingundoqo laseIndiya kwaye libandakanyeka kumacandelo amaninzi.
Iqela le-Adani, eliqhube ishishini lalo malunga namalahle malunga namashumi amabini eminyaka, laqala ukubona ikamva leqela le-Adani ngaphandle kwe-Fossil fuel ngokwenza utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo kwicandelo leziseko ezingundoqo, imigodi, amazibuko, izityalo zamandla, kunye nezikhululo zeenqwelo moya, amaziko edatha, kunye nemveliso yokhuselo.
Namhlanje, olu tyalo-mali lubalulekileyo lweqela le-Adani ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kumabhongo exesha elide eIndiya. Ngexesha lobhubhani, iiyunithi ezintandathu ezidweliswe esembindini zeqela le-Adani zongeze i-79 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwixabiso lazo.
Ngeli xesha, iye yandisa ukufikelela kwayo kumazwe ngamazwe ukuya ku-2020. Iqela le-Adani lityale imali kwi-oyile yaseFransi i-Total SE kunye ne-Warburg Pincus LLC. Kuphela ecaleni kweqela likaTata kunye namashishini okuReliance ngokwexabiso.
Yintoni elandelayo kwiQela lika-Adani?
Iqela le-Adani lijolise ekongezeni ngokuphindwe kasibhozo ukukhula kwe-equity kwii-subsidiaries zayo ngo-2025. Ngokuzikhulisa kwamanye amacandelo abalulekileyo, i-Adani Group iye yafumana i-traffic traffic ye-airports ezisixhenxe zeSizwe kunye nezamazwe ngamazwe eIndiya, eyikota enye. yolawulo lwendlela yaseIndiya.
Ngaphaya koko, igqibe kwelokuba inyuse umthamo wayo ngokuphindwe kasibhozo ukuvelisa amandla ombane oVuselekayo eIndiya. Ihambelana ngokusondeleyo nokuzibophelela kweIndiya ekubeni lilizwe elingathathi hlangothi ngekhabhoni ngowama-2070.
Iqela le-Adani lityikitye isivumelwano kunye ne-Edgeconnex ukuphuhlisa amaziko edatha kulo lonke elaseIndiya kwaye ucwangcise ukungena kwicandelo lezokhuselo, njengoko uRhulumente waseIndiya ecwangcise ukunciphisa ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo zangaphandle. Sinokuthi umdla wekamva likarhulumente waseIndiya kunye neqela le-Adani lilungelelaniswe ngokusondeleyo.
Ukunyuka kweTyala leQela le-Adani
Ukwanda okumangalisayo kweqela le-Adani kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo kunyuse amaxabiso ezabelo zenkampani nganye ngesantya esiphambeneyo. Ukuba ubona, amaxabiso esabelo se-Adani Power adubule nge-800 yeepesenti, i-Adani Enterprise nge-2400 yeepesenti, kunye ne-Adani Greens ngengqondo ye-5000 yeepesenti.
Kodwa bambalwa kakhulu abantu abaziyo ukuba iqela le-Adani alihlali entabeni yenzuzo, kodwa intaba yamatyala njengoko i-Adani Group inetyala ladubula nge-40% ukuya kwi-2.21 Lakh crores kwi-FY22 ngokutsho. Imalicontrol.
Iqela le-Adani liqokelele ityala lengqondo le-INR 2.2 trillion. Ngokutsho kweMiba yeTyala, phakathi kwe-2006-07, ingeniso yeqela le-Adani yayiyi-16,953 ye-crores malunga netyala le-4,353 ye-crores, kodwa ngo-2012-13, ingeniso yayo yayiyi-47,352 ye-crores ngokubhekiselele kwityala le-81,122.
Nanamhlanje, ityala lilonke leqela le-Adani liqikelelwa kwi-20 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Kukho nokuvumelana ukuba ukuba sivavanya ingeniso yonyaka ye-Adani Group ngokungabandakanyi i-Adani Wilmer, iya kuba yi-$ 14.2 yezigidigidi kuphela, kwaye ixabiso elidibeneyo leenkampani zeqela le-Adani liya kuba yi-$ 1.4 yezigidigidi kuphela.
I-Oligarchy kunye nezopolitiko
Ngokutsho kukaNilanjan Mukhopadhyay, owabhala i-Biography kuNarendra Modi ebizwa ngokuthi 'Narendra Modi- Indoda, Amaxesha.', UGautam Adani kunye noNarendra Modi babesazana ukususela ngo-2003. Ngokutsho kweengxelo ezininzi, kwi-2003, xa i-CII yenqaba ukutyalomali. eGujarat ekuphenduleni izidubedube, iqela laseGautam Adani lityale i-1500 crores kwiiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo eGujarat.
E-US, iforamu yezoqoqosho yaseWharton India yalile isimemo kuNarendra Modi. U-Adani Group, owayengumxhasi ophambili wesiganeko esiphambili, naye wayirhoxisa inkxaso yakhe yokuqala ngaphandle kokunika nayiphi na ingxelo. I-CAG iye yaphawula iimeko ezimbini apho urhulumente waseGujarat wanika izibonelelo ezingafanelekanga kwiqela le-Adani.
Kwimeko yokuqala, phakathi kwe-2006-09, i-petroleum yaseGujarat State yathengisa igesi kwi-Adani Group ngamaxabiso aphantsi. Ngale nto, i-Adani Group izuze inzuzo ye-70.5 ye-crores. Kwimeko yesibini, iGujarat Urja Vikas Nigam yafumana kuphela isohlwayo se-79.8 crores ngokuchasene ne-240 crores eqikelelwa yi-CAG.
Iqela le-Adani liye labona ukukwaywa kwehlabathi ngexesha 'lokumisa i-Adani Movement' xa iqela le-Adani lizibandakanya kumgodi wamalahle weCarmichael, uloliwe, kunye neprojekthi yezibuko lase-Australia.
Ngaba ukunyuka kweTyala kuyingozi kwiQela le-Adani?
I-Adani Enterprise yayikuphela kwenkampani edweliswe kwi imakethi yesitokhwe ekuqaleni phambi kuka-2008. Ukusukela ngo-2008 ukuya phambili, iqela le-Adani laqalisa ukubhalisa iinkampani zalo, kwaye ngoku kukho iinkampani ezisixhenxe ezidwelisiweyo:
Adani Wilmar, Adani Enterprises, Adani Ports and SEZ, Adani transmission, Adani Green energy, kunye neAdani Gas.
Ngokwemfuno yenkampani, iqela le-Adani liququzelele isakhelo esintsonkothileyo se ukuhamba KWEMALI. Ngo-2015-16, i-Adani Properties eyi-subsidiary ye-Adani Enterprises, ithenge i-9.05 yeepesenti kwi-Adani yokuhanjiswa njengoko unokukwazi ukuba zombini ezi nkampani zikumashishini ahlukeneyo.
Kwi-2017-18, iipropati ze-Adani zaphuma kwi-Adani Transmission.
Njengoko kwakukho umtsi omkhulu phakathi impahla amaxabiso e-Adani Transmission phakathi konyaka wokuthenga kunye nonyaka wokuphuma. Phakathi kwala maxesha, njengangoJuni ka-2015, ixabiso lesitokhwe seqela le-Adani laliyi-27.6 Rupee, elitsibe ukuya kwi-126 rupees ngo-2017.
Ukuba iqela lika-Adani lityale ikhulu le-crores kwi-2015, yayiza kuba yi-400 crores ngo-2017. Le mali ihlala ngaphakathi kwenkampani xa ifunwa liqela le-Adani; banokuthengisa amaxabiso ayo ukuze benze umsebenzi wokwakha.
Okwesibini, phakathi kwe-2013-18 i-Adani Power yazabalaza ngokuhamba kwemali. Kwakungenxa yokuba ngelixa kusakhiwa iprojekthi yombane e-Mundra, bekulindeleke ukuba kufumaneke unikezelo lwamalahle ngexabiso eliphantsi ukusuka e-Indonesia.
Xa i-Indonesia inyusa ixabiso lamalahle ayo athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, i-Adani Power Mundra yabanga ukuba ixabiso layo lamalahle linyuke kakhulu kangangokuba alinakuphinda libonelele ngombane owandisiweyo ngemilinganiselo yokwenyani.
Ke ngeli xesha, iingxelo zonyaka zenkampani zibonisa iimeko ezininzi apho amashishini e-Adani anikezela ngokuthe ngqo kwi-Adani Power kwaye ngokungathanga ngqo ngee-subsidiaries ezifana ne-Infra India okanye i-Kutch Power generation.
Ke, yonke le nto intsonkothileyo yokuvumela kunye nokudibanisa ngumbono wexesha elide weqela le-Adani kwiintshukumo nje ezimbini. Ukuthenga i-equity kwinkampani yeqela ukuvelisa ukuhamba kwemali, kwaye kwixesha elizayo, usebenzisa ukufaneleka kwemboleko yenkampani ye-Adani yeqela elizinzileyo ukuqondisa ukuhamba kwemali kwinkampani eneengxaki xa kuyimfuneko.
Le ndlela isetyenziswa kwiinkampani ezahlukeneyo zeqela le-Adani elithatha iinkampani ezisixhenxe ezahlukeneyo ezinamawaka otyalo-mali.
Ngale ntshukumo, i-Adani Group inokuvelisa ngokukhawuleza ukukhula kwiimpahla zabo, kwaye xa ezi ndaba zifikelela kwizindlu zeendaba, zenza upapasho lokunyuka kwexabiso lesabelo seqela le-Adani.
Ingafumana i-equity eyongezelelekileyo ngotyalo-mali lwabantu kwi-Adani Group subsidiaries.
isiphelo
Ukunyuka okumangalisayo kwe-Adani Group kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo kushiye impembelelo enzulu kuqoqosho lwaseIndiya. Namhlanje i-Adani Group iyalela isabelo esikhulayo sentengiso yezityalo zeSolar ezivuselelekayo zaseIndiya, ukuhanjiswa kwamandla, kunye nemarike yokusasaza igesi ezidolophini eIndiya.
UGautam Adani, okwabizwa ngokuba yiModi's Rockefeller, phantsi korhulumente weModi, ixabiso lakhe linyuke ngama-230%. Njengoko urhulumente egxile kakhulu ekuyekiseni ulawulo lweePSU zikaRhulumente.
Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, ukwaphumelele ngaphezulu kweebhiliyoni ezingama-26 zeerandi kwiithenda zikarhulumente kunye neeprojekthi zeZiseko zoPhuhliso kwilizwe liphela, ngokutsho kweFinancial Times.
Kodwa ke kuya kuba mnandi ukubona indlela i-Adani Group, okwangoku ihleli entabeni yamatyala, iya kuhamba kumgca omncinci kakhulu wokunyuka kwamatyala kwaye ugcine inkampani ekukhuleni okuzinzile.
Shiya iMpendulo