Ukubhanga akusebenzi ngokuboleka imali!
Ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi ubuyosizwa lesi sitatimende. Ngisho nosomnotho abaphezulu abafana noProf Hyman Minsky bakhuluma ngohlelo lokusebenza lwamabhange futhi basho ngokusobala ukuthi amaBhange awaboleki imali. Kuzwakala kudida kancane, akunjalo?
Ngokwezincwadi zendabuko ezikhuluma ngezomnotho ezethulo, amabhange amelwe njengabalamuli bezezimali umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko uwukuxhuma ababoleki kubalondolozi.
Ngamazwi alula, amabhange awalutho ngaphandle kokungabaxhumanisi emnothweni wanamuhla othuthukayo.
Yonke inqubo yasebhange izungeza iqoqo lezimali elibandakanya umuntu oholayo okhokhelwa ngaphezu kwezidingo ezijwayelekile zokusetshenziswa, ofaka enye imali ebhange elisunguliwe. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi i-reservoir of funds.
Ngalezi zimali, ibhange liboleka labo abanemali engenayo engaphansi kwesidingo esivamile sokusetshenziswa. Ngakho-ke, amabhange asebenza ohlelweni lwamabhange oluyi-fractional reserve, lapho amabhange eboleka ngaphezu kwesamba esibekiwe.
Kodwa kuthiwani uma ngithi amabhange enza imali eningi uma ebolekisa?
Yebo, lona umphumela wokuphindaphinda imali okhulisa umjikelezo wezezimali.
Sikhuluma ngemali yokuboleka, lamuhla sidingida ukuthi ibhanga elikhulu lisebenza njani nxa lingabolekisi.
Ngakho-ke, ake siqale!
Lisebenza Kanjani Ibhange?
Kusobala ngokusuka ngenhla ukuthi amandla okuboleka ebhange elikhulu ancike ngokuphelele ezingeni lemali efakwa amakhasimende. Futhi ukuze kuthuthukiswe umkhawulo wokuboleka, amabhange adinga ukuheha amakhasimende amaningi ukuze bathole amadiphozithi amasha.
Ngalokhu, kungashiwo kalula ukuthi amadiphozithi adala izikweletu.
Inqubo yokuboleka yebhange isebenza ngethiyori yokuphindaphinda imali, esebenza ngokufana ne-fractional reserve banking. Lapha, ingxenye encane kuphela yenani elidiphozithiwe idinga ukubamba ukheshi noma ifakwe ku-akhawunti yebhange lezentengiselwano ebhange elikhulu.
Leli nani linqunywa izimfuneko zokugodla, isamba sazo esibuyiselanayo sithathwa njengesiphindaphinda sesigodlo esingamandla okubolekisa ebhange.
Ngakho-ke, uma imfuneko yereserve icaciswa njenge-10% futhi isiphindaphindi sayo siyishumi, amabhange angakwazi ukuboleka imali ephindwe kashumi kunemali ebekiwe.
Esinye isici esithinta amandla ebhange okuboleka inqubomgomo yezimali yebhange elikhulu, ephothula isinqumo samanani agciniwe anyusiwe noma anciphile. Kodwa-ke, ngegunya elikhethiwe lenqubomgomo yezimali kanye nokuvinjelwa ekwandiseni imali egciniwe, okuwukuphela kwendlela amabhange okwandisa ngayo umthamo wawo wokuboleka iwukuba athole amadiphozithi amasha.
Futhi njengoba sazi, imali mboleko yenziwa ngamadiphozithi, okusho ukuthi amabhange adinga imali yamakhasimende ukuze aqhubeke nokubolekwa.
Isu Lokubolekwa Kwebhange
Ngamazwi alula, amabhange avame ukwenza imali eningi uma eboleka, okwandisa umjikelezo wezezimali.
Amabhange ayaziwa ukuthi anelungelo lokukhipha imali ebolekiwe nguhulumeni ngaphandle kokuthola idiphozithi kwasekuqaleni. Inani lemali ebolekisayo lamabhange linqunywa umthethonqubo nezinqubomgomo zebhange elikhulu.
Kodwa-ke, ibhange eliphakathi liphinde liqondise amabhange okuhweba ukuthi abambe inani elithile lemali ewuketshezi, okungaba ukheshi noma yini engathengiswa ngokushesha uma kuqhathaniswa nesikweletu esikhishwe ngaphambilini.
Ukudala Imali ngamabhange
Isu lokuboleka amabhange laziwa ngokudala imali, elivela ikakhulukazi ezintweni ezimbili. Lezi izi:
I-Double Entry Accounting
Ngale ndlela, ukuze wakhe izimpahla ezintsha zemalimboleko, ibhange lidinga ukudalwa kwesikweletu esifanayo. Lokhu kuba idiphozi entsha ebhange edalwe yimali mboleko entsha.
Ngokwesibonelo, ake sithi ibhange liboleka ama-Rs.100 kumakhasimende alo, lapho-ke lizodala impahla entsha yemalimboleko ebiza u-INR 100, okuyidiphozithi entsha.
Ukulinganisa kanye nencazelo yemali
Zimbili izinhlobo zemali:
- Imali eyisisekelo: Idalwe yiBhange Elikhulu (imali nezindawo ezigciniwe zasebhange).
- Imali ebanzi: Idalwe Umkhakha Ozimele, obala ezilinganisweni zokunikezwa kwemali.
Ingxenye enkulu yemali abantu abayisebenzisa nsuku zonke yimali ebanzi. Isibonelo, uma umqashi edlulisela iholo lakho ngqo ku-akhawunti yakho yasebhange, kuyimali ebanzi. Ngokufanayo, uma ukhokhela noma iyiphi imali yokubolekwa kwempahla, iyimali ebanzi. Imali ithathwa njengemali eyisisekelo kuphela uma usebhange.
Ngaphandle kwamabhange, credit card izinyunyana nazo zihlinzeka ngemalimboleko futhi zenze amapheya ediphozithi yemalimboleko. Noma kunjalo, bakha kuphela “isikweletu,” hhayi “imali,” njengoba amadiphozithi abo angabalwa ku-M1 (imali ewumngcingo ene-liquidity eningi futhi kalula ekuthengiseni). Nokho, amakhasimende angasebenzisa ikhredithi ukuze athenge njengoba elingisa imali.
Amathuluzi eNqubomgomo Yezimali YeBhange Elikhulu
Amandla okuboleka amabhange ancike kunqubomgomo yezimali yamabhange. Kukhona ikakhulukazi amathuluzi amane enqubomgomo Yezezimali yeBhange Elikhulu. Lezi izi:
Izimfuneko Zokugcina
Isho inani lemali okumele amabhange ayigcine. Igcinwa kuma-vaults noma kuma-akhawunti asebhange lezentengiselwano ebhange elikhulu. Izidingo eziphansi zokubeka imali zikhomba ukuthi amabhange abolekisa ngaphezulu, eyaziwa ngokuthi inqubomgomo yemali yokwandisa, njengoba idala isikweletu.
Nakuba izimfuneko eziphakeme zokulondoloza imali zibonisa ukuthi amabhange aboleka imali encane, eyaziwa ngokuthi inqubomgomo yemali efinyezwayo. Kuba nzima emabhange amancane njengoba engasenayo imali eyanele yokuboleka kakade. Yingakho amabhange amakhulu egwema amabhange amancane ukuba nezidingo zokulondoloza imali.
Open Market Operations
Ithuluzi elilandelayo yi-Open Market Operations, elibhekisela ekuthengeni nasekuthengisweni kwezibambiso zikahulumeni yibhange elikhulu. Lokhu kushintshana kwenziwa phakathi kwamabhange amakhulu namabhange azimele.
Lapho ibhange elikhulu lithenga izibambiso zikahulumeni, inani lemali egciniwe liyakhuphuka, okunweba umkhawulo wokuboleka amabhange. Futhi lapho bethengisa isibambiso, sifinyelela emabhange ' ishidi lokulinganisa, okubangela ukwehla kwemali ebanjwayo. Ngakho-ke, umkhawulo wokuboleka uyancipha.
Ngakho-ke, amabhange amakhulu athenga izibambiso ukuze abe nenqubomgomo yemali yokwandisa futhi athengise okufanayo ukuze enze inqubomgomo yemali efinyezwayo noma eqinile.
Futhi yilapho ukusebenza kwemakethe evulekile kungena khona, okwenza i-Federal Reserves ilawule izinga lesikhwama esidliwayo. I-Fed funds iyinani elibolekwe ibhange elikhulu kwelinye ibhange elinemali eningi.
Inzalo ebuyiselwa ngayo iyinani lesikhwama esiphakelwayo. Yilapho i-Open Market Operations iqala khona ukusetshenziswa ngokudala ithuba lokuthi amabhange afinyelele imigomo yawo.
Isilinganiso Sesaphulelo
Lokhu kusho izinga ibhange elikhulu elinikeza ngalo izimali kumabhange angamalungu efasiteleni lesaphulelo. Ngokuvamile liphakeme kunezinga lezimali eziphakelwayo, okubonisa ukuthi izinga lesaphulelo lisetshenziswa kuphela lapho amabhange engakwazi ukuboleka izimali kwamanye amabhange.
Kanye naleli windi lesaphulelo, ukucwaswa kuza kunamathiselwe!
Uma noma yiliphi ibhange lisebenzisa iwindi lesaphulelo, libhekwa njengelisenkingeni yezezimali emehlweni omphakathi wezezimali.
Inzalo kuma-Reserves
Inzalo emalini egciniwe yadalwa ngemva kwenhlekelele yezimali yango-2008. IBhange LaseNgilandi, I-Federal Reserve, kanye ne-European Central Bank bakhokha inani elithile lenzalo lapho amabhange ebambe izimali ezigciniwe ngokweqile.
Izinga eleqile liyancipha lapho i-Fed ifuna amabhange ukuthi abolekise kakhulu futhi ngokuphambene nalokho lapho ifuna ibhange liboleke kancane. Leli thuluzi futhi liza ekuhlangabezaneni nempokophelo yezimali eziphakelwayo.
Asebenza kanjani amathuluzi Enqubomgomo Yezimali?
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wamathuluzi enqubomgomo yezimali yebhange elikhulu uyakhula futhi wehlisa inani lemali engenayo. Isho inani eliphelele lemali etholakalayo izimali kanye nokuboleka. Kuhlanganisa nemali nekhredithi umthengi ayisebenzisayo.
Lawa mathuluzi abhekwa ngaphezu kwemali etholakalayo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-M1 ne-M2. Uphawu lwangaphambili lubonisa uhlobo lwemali kanye namasheke afakwayo, kuyilapho lokhu kwakamuva kubhekisela ezimalini zemakethe yemali, ama-akhawunti okulondoloza, nama-CD.
Ukusebenza kwamabhange ngesikhathi sangempela
Esikhathini sanamuhla, imali imvamisa ithatha uhlobo lwediphozithi esikhundleni sokuthi idalwe abongi abaphathisa amabhange ukuthi abambe imali yabo. Lapho amabhange enweba isikweletu sawo, amadiphozithi ayakhiwa.
Emalini ebolekisayo, amabhange afaka izinto ezimbili ezihlukile - esisodwa ngasohlangothini lwezimpahla kanti esinye ngasohlangothini lwesikweletu - eshidini lebhalansi. Imali mboleko isebenza njengempahla yamabhange futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, idala amadiphozithi amasha, asebenza njengesibopho emalini yamakhasimende.
Futhi uma kunjalo, khona-ke amabhange azimele enza imali, ephikisana nelungelo kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo weBhange Elikhulu ekwenzeni kanjalo. Iqiniso liwukuthi amabhange awakwazi ukudala imali ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwebhange elikhulu, lapho izidingo ezikhulayo nezinciphayo zokulondoloza imali zisebenza khona.
Izidingo ezibekiwe azikwazi ukuthathwa njengesithiyo esibophezelayo emandleni amabhange ukuboleka, okunganciphisi ukuhamba kokudala imali. Ngakho-ke, amabhange aboleka imali bese ebheka imali egciniwe edingekayo ayidingayo kamuva.
Isiphetho
Amabhange awabolekisi; bakha imali ex nihilo ekubolekeni.
Baboleka kuphela izimali ezigciniwe ezidalwe yiBhange Elikhulu komunye nomunye. Izimali ezibekiwe kanye nezidingo zezimali ziqinisekisa ukuthi amabhange akhokha imali elindelwe ngamakhasimende ediphozithi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, Okulindelwe Ngenzuzo kuthathwa njengenye yemikhawulo ehamba phambili ekhonweni lokuboleka amabhange. Amabhange anamandla okuboleka imali kuqala bese ebheka izimali ezibekiwe azovala ngazo. Ngenxa yalokhu, bavame ukuheha amakhasimende amasha ukuthi aqinisekise amadiphozithi.
Ngakho-ke, amaBhange awadingi imali yamakhasimende, futhi ashibhe ngendlela yokuthi abambe amadiphozithi akho kunamanye amabhange.
shiya impendulo