Njengoba imakethe yamabhondi aluhlaza kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele ku- $ 1 trillion ngo-2023 njengokusho kwe-Climate Bonds Initiative, abatshalizimali manje balwela ukutshala imali enakekela imvelo kanye nokukhuthaza i-ajenda yesimo sezulu.
Kusukela ngoJanuwari 2023, usayizi wemakethe wamabhondi aluhlaza eNdiya wawungu-USD 20 billion. Lokhu kumele u-3.8% wayo yonke imakethe yamabhondi ebhizinisi avelele e-India, enenani elingaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingu-USD 500.
Phakathi kwabahamba phambili emazweni asathuthuka, i-India, eminyakeni yamuva nje, isibe ngenye yezindawo ezivuna ukutshala imali emakethe yamabhondi aluhlaza, iphinde yaqinisekisa amathuba aqinile okutshala imali atholakalayo ebuholini bomtshali-zimali.
Ukudingida kabanzi ngalesi siphakamiso, lo mhlahlandlela uzokusiza uqonde amathuba kanye nezinyathelo zokutshala imali kumabhondi aluhlaza azimele nazimele eNdiya.
Anjani Amabhondi Aluhlaza
Ngokufika kwe-ajenda yomhlaba wonke yokuvikela imvelo, kwavela umqondo wamabhondi esimeme, ogxile ekwenzeni ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqondiswe kumaphrojekthi alungele isimo sezulu. Amabhondi aqhubekayo afaka amabhondi omphakathi, ukuqina, kanye namabhondi aluhlaza (GSS).
Amabhondi aluhlaza athatha ingxenye enkulu yesamba esitshaliwe futhi ngokuyisisekelo asebenza njengamabhondi endabuko lapho ibhizinisi, kungaba inkampani noma izwe, likhipha amabhondi noma ama-IOU ukuze kuqoqwe imali kubatshalizimali, abayisebenzisela ukuxhasa ngezimali amaphrojekthi nengqalasizinda ekhathalela imvelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, la mabhondi akhishwa isikhathi esinqunyiwe, futhi ngokuvuthwa, abatshalizimali bathola imali yabo emuva kanye nenani lenzalo ethile.
Amabhondi aluhlaza ahlukile ngoba izimali eziqoqwe zihloselwe ngokukhethekile ukutshala imali kumaphrojekthi esimeme. Lawa maphrojekthi angase ahlanganise amandla avuselelekayo, amanzi ahlanzekile, noma ukuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda eyonga ugesi.
Ukuze kuhlolwe umlando omfushane, ibhondi yokuqala eluhlaza yakhishwa ngo-2008 yiBhange Lomhlaba futhi yazuza ukuduma okukhulu ngemva kweSivumelwano Sesimo Sezulu saseParis sango-2015. Kusukela 2022, ngaphezu kuka-$2 trillion wamabhondi aluhlaza akhishwe emhlabeni wonke, futhi inani kulindeleke ukuthi lifinyelele ku-$5 trillion 2025.
I-India - The Developing Mighty
I-India kuyavunywa ukuthi ayifiki sekwephuzile uma kukhulunywa ngokungena emakethe yamabhondi aluhlaza ekhaya.
Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziya ukukhula kokukhishwa kwamabhondi aluhlaza eminyakeni emi-2 edlule, kuyabonakala ukuthi imakethe eluhlaza yaseNdiya izokhuphuka kakhulu eminyakeni ezayo. Ngo-2021, inani eliphelele le I-GSS amabhondi ukutshalwa kwezimali kwaba $7.85 bhiliyoni, okuyinto 585% ephakeme kunaleyo ngo-2020. Ngaphandle kwalesi sibalo, $6.11 bhiliyoni iyodwa etshalwe kumabhondi aluhlaza.
Kungukuthuthuka okuphawulekayo okugqamisa ukuzimisela kwezinkampani ukukhipha amathuluzi esikweletu esiluhlaza emakethe ukuze kuthuthukiswe amaphrojekthi nokutshalwa kwezimali okuhambisana nesimo sezulu. Okwenza udaba lwase-India luhehe amandla okukhula kwamaphrojekthi aluhlaza navuselelekayo eminyakeni ezayo okuhloswe ngayo ukuqhubekisela phambili i-ajenda kahulumeni yokungathathi hlangothi ngo-2070 kanye nokuphinda kabili umthamo wawo wamandla avuselelekayo ngo-2030.
Lokhu kusisiza ukuthi sisabalalise ipulani ukuze siqonde ububanzi nokwenzeka kokutshala izimali eziluhlaza ezweni elisathuthuka elinomnotho okhula ngokushesha emhlabeni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uHulumeni waseNdiya uthathe igxathu elikhulu kuSabelomali Sezimali Sonyaka Ka-2022-23 ngokwethula ama-Sovereign Green Bond okokuqala ngqa. Manje seyethule i-a uhlaka emphakathini ovamile futhi yakhipha amabhondi enani eliyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.9, azohamba ukuze kubhidelwe umphakathi kusukela zingama-25 kuJanuwari 2023.
Lesi sinyathelo siphinde siqinisekise ukulungela kukahulumeni ukwamukela amabhondi aluhlaza njengamathuluzi ezezimali angenzeka futhi athathe izinyathelo zokudala i-ecosystem evumayo enokwesekwa okulawulwayo kubatshalizimali ukuze batshale izimali zesikhathi eside kumaphrojekthi aluhlaza.
Ngakho-ke, ngale ntuthuko, abatshalizimali sebengakwazi ukutshala imali kumabhondi aluhlaza azimele kanye nazimele ezweni. Ake sihlole ukuthi wena, njengomtshalizimali, ungakhetha kanjani amabhondi aluhlaza ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa nalawo azimele, ukuze utshale imali eNdiya.
Ungatshala Kanjani Kumabhondi Aluhlaza
Abatshalizimali banenketho yokutshala imali kumabhondi aluhlaza omphakathi nawangasese. Nansi indlela ongakwenza ngayo:
I-Sovereign Green Bonds
Amabhondi aluhlaza azokhishwa ngabakwa RBI ngokusebenzisa Indali Yamanani Afanayo. Inqubo izofana nokukhishwa kwe Izibambiso zikahulumeni (G-secs), lapho uhulumeni ezoboleka khona imali yokuxhasa amaphrojekthi omphakathi ngenani lenzalo elifanayo.
Ngokwekhalenda le-RBI, ama-rupee ayi-16000 crore aluhlaza izibopho izofakwa ohlwini lwamabhidi omphakathi ngezigaba ezimbili kuma-rupee angama-8000 lilinye ngomhla zingama-25 kuJanuwari nangomhla ziyisi-9 kuFebhuwari, ngokulandelana. Lawa mabhondi azokhishwa ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa seminyaka emi-5 neyi-10 futhi angadayiswa njengamanye amabhondi.
Abatshalizimali abadayisayo bangabhida la mabhondi ku- I-RBI-Retail Direct inkundla, okuyiwebhusayithi kahulumeni yokusiza ukubhida kuma-G-secs kuzo zombili izimakethe eziyinhloko nezisesibili kubatshalizimali abangabodwana. Ungabhalisa kule nkundla ngokulandela inqubo engezansi:
- Vakashela le I-RBI-Retail Direct Iwebhusayithi.
- Dala i-akhawunti eyodwa noma ehlanganyelwe. Uzothola i-OTP enombolweni yakho yeselula ebhalisiwe kanye ne-id ye-imeyili.
- Ngemva kokuqinisekisa i-OTP, kuzodingeka ulayishe isheke elikhanseliwe noma unikeze imvume yokuqinisekiswa ku-inthanethi kwemininingwane ye-akhawunti yakho.
- Ezinsukwini ezimbili, uzothola isaziso sokufinyelela inkundla.
Ungatshala imali kumabhondi aluhlaza lapha ngemva kokugcwalisa imibandela egunyazwe yi- RBI, okufana nokutshala imali kunoma yikuphi okunye ukuphepha kukahulumeni. Kodwa-ke, izidingo zingase zibe nzima kubatshalizimali abaningi, futhi bangase bangafaneleki ukutshala imali kuyo ngokuqondile.
Ngakho-ke, ungatshala imali kumabhondi ngokusebenzisa amafemu okuhweba afana neZerodha noma amapulatifomu okuhweba amabhondi akhethekile afana ne-Wint Wealth futhi. Lezi zinkundla zikuvumela ukuthi utshale imali kuzo zombili izibopho zikahulumeni nezizimele ezintanta izinkampani ezahlukahlukene.
Ukutshala imali kuma-Private Green Bonds
Ngokufanayo nohulumeni, izinhlangano ezizimele njengezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe nazo zikhulula amabhondi aluhlaza ngenani lenzalo elingaguquki ukuze umphakathi uxhase ngezimali amaphrojekthi asimeme.
Lawa mabhondi angena ngaphansi kwesigaba samabhondi ezinkampani, anezinqubo ezifanayo zokutshala imali kuwo, ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi amabhondi aluhlaza akhululwa kucatshangwa nge-ajenda ethile.
Ukukhishwa kwamabhondi aluhlaza kulawulwa ngempumelelo yiziqondiso ze-SEBI kokuthi “Izibambiso zezikweletu eziluhlaza,” ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkampani azikhiphi ama-IOU mbumbulu ngaphansi kwesisekelo samabhondi aluhlaza.
Ungathenga amabhondi aluhlaza ayimfihlo ngezindlela ezimbili:
- Ungaxhumana ngqo nezinkampani ezisemakethe eyinhloko. Bakhipha izaziso zokukhishwa kwamabhondi kumawebhusayithi abo, noma ungafaka isicelo ngebhange lakho. Kunoma ikuphi, udinga ukuba ne-akhawunti ye-Demat ukuze ugcine ngokuphephile amabhondi akho. Kodwa-ke, kuyinqubo ethatha isikhathi eside kubatshalizimali abanemali elinganiselwe, futhi abatshalizimali bezikhungo kanye nezikhungo zezezimali ezingezona zamabhange ezinemali enkulu ngokuvamile zisebenzisa le nketho.
- Ngaphandle kokuthenga ngokuqondile amabhondi aluhlaza enkampanini, wena, njengomtshali zimali odayisayo, ungawathenga la mabhondi njenge izimali zomphakathi noma izimali ezihweba ngokuhwebelana (ETFs) emakethe yesibili. Lokhu kunikezwa amabhange ahlukahlukene kanye nezinhlangano ze-mutual fund kumapulatifomu abo noma ngamafemu okuhweba. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amapulatifomu akhethekile afana Wint Wealth, goldenpie.com, kanye ne-thefixedincome.com ziphinde zinikeze abatshalizimali bezitolo ukufinyelela okulula kumabhondi athembekile kanye nezinto zokucwaninga ezichaza isilinganiso sesikweletu, ubungozi obuzenzakalelayo, ingcuphe ye-liquidity, kanye nengozi yenzalo yenkampani namabhondi.
Njengoba i-India isezingeni lokuba umnotho wesi-3 ngobukhulu emhlabeni ngo-2030, uhulumeni nezinkampani bakhuphule utshalomali lwabo ekwakheni ingqalasizinda esimeme ezweni.
Ngalo mbono omuhle usuwonke, imakethe yamabhondi aluhlaza yase-India ithambekele ekukhuleni ngenani elingakaze libonwe, futhi manje abatshalizimali abadayisayo banethuba lokutshala endabeni yokukhula futhi bathole imbuyiselo enkulu.
shiya impendulo