Uma kukhulunywa ngezinketho zokuhweba, kunamasu amaningi ahlukene nezindlela ongazisebenzisa. Nokho, ukuthola indlela efanele kungaba inselele, ikakhulukazi uma umusha emdlalweni.
Yingakho sihlanganise lo mhlahlandlela olula wezinketho zokuhweba. Noma ngabe ungumuntu osaqalayo noma udinga nje isiqalisi, lo mhlahlandlela uzokuhambisa kukho konke odinga ukukwazi ukuze uqalise.
Sizofaka izisekelo zokuthi yiziphi izinketho nokuthi zisebenza kanjani, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinketho ongakhetha ukuzenza ukuze uqalise. Ekugcineni, uzoba nokuqonda kahle ukuthi izinketho zokuhweba zisebenza kanjani futhi ulungele ukuqala ukwenza ukuhweba kwakho.
Yini Izinketho?
Ukuhweba ngezinketho kuyinqubo yokuthenga nokudayisa izinketho zenkontileka.
Inkontileka yezinketho yinkontileka enikeza umnikazi ilungelo, kodwa hhayi isibopho, sokuthenga noma ukuthengisa impahla eyisisekelo ngentengo eshiwo ngosuku noma ngaphambi kosuku oluthile. Izinketho zokuhweba kungaba yindlela enhle yokwenza imali, kodwa futhi iza nenani elithile lobungozi.
Izinzuzo Zokuhweba Ngezinketho
Izinketho zokuhweba kungaba yindlela enhle yokwenza imali, kodwa akusiyo eyawo wonke umuntu. Nazi izinzuzo ezimbalwa zokuhweba ngezinketho:
1. Izinketho Zokuhweba Kungaba Nenzuzo Kakhulu
Uma unephothifoliyo yamasheya noma ezinye izimpahla obheke ukwenza imali ngazo, ukuhweba ngezinketho kungaba indlela enhle yokwenza. Ngokuthengisa izinketho zezingcingo, ungaqoqa amaphrimiyamu kwabanye abatshalizimali ababhejayo ukuthi intengo yempahla eyisisekelo izokhuphuka. Futhi ngokuthengisa izinketho zokubeka, ungaqoqa amaphrimiyamu kubatshalizimali ababhejayo ukuthi intengo yempahla eyisisekelo izokwehla.
2. Uthango Olumelene Nengozi
Uma ungumnikazi wesitoko okhathazekile ukuthi singase sehle ngenani, ungathenga inketho yokubeka ukuze uvikeleke kuleyo ngozi. Izinketho zokubeka zikunikeza ilungelo lokuthengisa impahla eyisisekelo ngentengo enqunywe kusengaphambili, ngakho-ke uma isitoko sehla ngenani, ungasithengisa ngentengo ephezulu futhi ukhawulele ukulahlekelwa kwakho.
3. Qagela Intengo Yesikhathi Esizayo Yempahla
Uma ucabanga ukuthi intengo yesitoko izokhuphuka, ungathenga inketho yokushaya ucingo. Futhi uma ucabanga ukuthi intengo yesitoko izokwehla, ungathenga inketho yokubeka.
4. Imodi Eguquguqukayo Yokuhweba
Izinketho zokuhweba zikuvumela ukuthi ulungise ukutshalwa kwezimali kwakho ngokwezinjongo nezidingo zakho ezithile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubheke ukukhiqiza imali, ukuvikela engcupheni, noma ukuqagela ngentengo yesikhathi esizayo yempahla, ukuhweba ngezinketho kungakusiza ufinyelele imigomo yakho yokutshala izimali.
Izingozi Ezihilelekile Ekuhwebeni Kwezinketho
Uma kukhulunywa ngezinketho zokuhweba, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ubungozi obungaba khona. Nazi izinto ezimbalwa okufanele uzikhumbule:
- Ukuguquguquka-Izintengo zezinketho zingashintsha kakhulu, ezingaholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu ngesikhathi esifushane.
- I-Liquidity-Kungase kungabi khona abathengi abaningi noma abathengisi abatholakalayo ngezikhathi ezithile, okungenza kube nzima ukuphuma esikhundleni.
- Izidingo zemajini-Ngenxa yokuthi izinketho zingamathuluzi asetshenziswayo, kungase kudingeke ukuthi uthumele imajini ukuze uwahwebe. Lokhu kungangeza engcupheni yakho uma imakethe iphikisana nawe.
- Ingozi yesabelo-Uma uthenga inketho, futhi ungase unikezwe inkontileka eyisisekelo ngesikhathi esithile. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuyingozi ngezinketho zekholi, kodwa kungenzeka futhi ngokubeka.
- Ingozi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi-Izinketho ziphelelwa yisikhathi futhi ziba yize uma zingasetshenziswa ngaphambi kosuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi. Lokhu kuyingozi ikakhulukazi uma ubambe inketho yemali esezophelelwa yisikhathi.
Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zokuhweba Izinketho
Uma umusha emhlabeni wezinketho zokuhweba, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinkontileka zezinketho ongazihweba. Nasi isifinyezo esisheshayo sezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinketho:
1. Izinketho Zezingcingo
Inketho yokushaya ucingo yisivumelwano esinikeza umtshali-zimali ilungelo, kodwa hhayi isibopho, sokuthenga isitoko, ibhondi, impahla, noma enye impahla ngentengo engashintshi phakathi nenkathi ethile yesikhathi.
Umthengi wenketho yekholi ukhokha iprimiyamu kumthengisi ngaleli lungelo. Iprimiyamu iwumsebenzi wentengo yesiteleka, okuyinani lapho impahla eyisisekelo izothengwa noma ithengiswe khona uma inketho isetshenziswa, kanye nesikhathi kuze kuphele inketho.
Umthengi wenketho yekholi uthemba ukuthi intengo yempahla eyisisekelo izokhuphuka ukuze inketho isetshenziswe ukuze kuzuze inzuzo. Umthengisi wenketho yekholi uthemba ukuthi intengo yempahla eyisisekelo izohlala injalo noma yehle ukuze inketho iphelelwe yisikhathi ingenamsebenzi futhi umdayisi agcine iprimiyamu.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zezinketho zekholi, futhi ngayinye inemigomo nemibandela yayo ethile. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwenketho yokushaya ucingo inketho yesitoko, enikeza umnikazi ilungelo lokuthenga amasheya esitoko esithile ngentengo emisiwe phakathi nesikhathi esithile.
Ezinye izinhlobo zezinketho zekholi zifaka izinketho ezinkontileka zesikhathi esizayo, amabhondi, nezimpahla. Izinketho zezingcingo zingasetshenziswa futhi ukubiyela ukulahlekelwa kokunye ukutshalwa kwezimali.
Isihluthulelo sokwenza imali ngezinketho zekholi ukubikezela kahle intengo yesikhathi esizayo yempahla eyisisekelo. Uma intengo yempahla ikhuphuka, inketho izobaluleka ngaphezu kweprimiyamu ekhokhelwe ngayo. Uma intengo yempahla yehla, inketho izophelelwa yisikhathi ingenamsebenzi futhi umtshali-zimali uzolahlekelwa yiprimiyamu.
Ukuze baphumelele, abatshalizimali kufanele baqonde kahle izici ezingase zibe nomthelela entengo yempahla eyisisekelo, njengezindaba zomnotho, amaholo enkampani, nemicimbi yomhlaba. Kufanele futhi bakwazi ukuhlela isikhathi semakethe, bathenge izinketho lapho amanani ephansi, futhi bazithengise lapho amanani entengo ephezulu.
Izinketho ziyi-investimenti eyingozi, futhi abatshalizimali abaningi bazolahlekelwa imali kuzo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, kulabo abazimisele ukuthatha ingozi, izinketho zezingcingo zingaba indlela enenzuzo yokwenza imali emakethe yamasheya.
2. Faka Izinketho
Inketho yokubeka inkontileka enikeza umnikazi ilungelo lokuthengisa impahla ethile ngentengo eshiwo phakathi nesikhathi esibekiwe. Izinketho zokubeka zivame ukusetshenziswa njengothango olumelene nokwehla kwenani lempahla eyisisekelo.
Isibonelo, ake sithi ungumnikazi wamasheya angu-100 esitoko se-ABC Corporation. Ukhathazekile ngokuthi isitoko singase sehle ngenani, ngakho-ke unquma ukuthenga inketho yokubeka ekunikeza ilungelo lokuthengisa amasheya akho ngo-$50 ngesheya ngalinye phakathi nenyanga ezayo.
Uma isitoko siwela ngempela ku-$50 noma ngaphansi phakathi nenyanga ezayo, ungasebenzisa inketho yakho futhi uthengise amasheya akho. Uzokwenza inzuzo engu-$50 ngesheya ngalinye, ukhiphe izindleko zenketho.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma isitoko singehleli ku-$50 noma ngaphansi phakathi nenyanga ezayo, uzovele uvumele inketho iphelelwe yisikhathi. Uzolahlekelwa yizindleko zenketho, kodwa usazoba umnikazi wesitoko.
Ngakho, izinketho zokubeka kungaba yindlela yokuvikela inani lephothifoliyo yesitoko sakho ekwehleni kwemakethe iyonke.
3. Izinketho ze-Straddle
I-straddle isho ukubamba kokubili ikholi nenketho yokubeka kumpahla efanayo eyisisekelo, enenani lesiteleka elifanayo kanye nedethi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi efanayo. Inhloso ye-straddle ukwenza inzuzo kusukela ekunyakazeni kwamanani amakhulu kunoma iyiphi indlela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi indlela imakethe ehamba ngayo.
Enye indlela yokucabanga nge-straddle ifana nokubheja ku-volatility. Uma ulindele ukuthi isitoko senze umnyakazo omkhulu kodwa ungaqiniseki ukuthi sizohamba yiphi indlela, khona-ke i-straddle ingase ibe isu elikulungele.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zama-straddles:
- I-ATM (i-ATM) yemali: Lokhu kuyinkomba lapho intengo yesiteleka yezinketho zekholi ne- put ilingana nenani lamanje lempahla eyisisekelo.
- I-Out-of-the-money (OTM): Lesi yisimo lapho intengo yesiteleka yekholi ingaphansi kwentengo yamanje yempahla eyisisekelo, futhi intengo yesiteleka ye- put ingaphezu kwentengo yamanje.
I-Straddles ingasetshenziswa ezimweni ezihlukahlukene. Isibonelo, uma ulindele ukuthi umbiko wemali engenayo yenkampani ubangele umnyakazo omkhulu enanini lesitoko kodwa ungaqiniseki ukuthi intengo izohamba ngayiphi indlela, khona-ke i-ATM straddle ingaba yisinqumo esihle.
Noma, uma ulindele ukuthi isitoko senze umnyakazo omkhulu kodwa ungaqiniseki ukuthi sizohamba ngakuphi, khona-ke i-OTM straddle ingaba yisinqumo esihle. Ngokuthenga ikholi ye-OTM nokubeka i-OTM, empeleni ubheja ukuthi isitoko sizokwenza umnyakazo omkhulu, kodwa awunandaba nokuthi siya ngaphi.
Isihluthulelo sokuhweba nge-straddle enenzuzo ukubikezela kahle ukuthi ukuhamba kwentengo kuzoba kukhulu kangakanani. Uma ulindele umnyakazo omkhulu kodwa isitoko sihamba kancane kuphela, cishe uzolahlekelwa yimali ku-straddle yakho.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ubikezela kahle ukunyakaza okukhulu, khona-ke ungenza imali eningi. Ngokwesibonelo, ake sithi uthenga i-ATM straddle ngo-$100.
Uma isitoko sikhuphuka ngo-10%, khona-ke ikholi yakho izobiza u-$110 futhi imali oyibeke izoba ngu-$0. Inzuzo yakho ingaba ngu-$10. Kodwa uma isitoko sehla ngo-10%, khona-ke ukubeka kwakho kuzobiza u-$110 futhi ucingo lwakho luzobiza u-$0. Inzuzo yakho izophinda ibe ngu-$10.
Njengoba ubona, nge-straddle ungenza imali kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isitoko sihamba ngakuphi, inqobo nje uma ukunyakaza kukhulu ngokwanele. Ingozi enkulu ye-straddle ukuthi ungalahlekelwa yimali uma isitoko singanyakazi ngokwanele. Isibonelo, uma uthenga i-straddle ngo-$100 futhi isitoko sihamba ngo-5% kuphela, uzolahlekelwa u-$5.
Enye ingozi ukuthi isitokwe singahamba ngokucijile siye ohlangothini olulodwa noma kwenye futhi ungagcina usufonele futhi ubeke kokubili ekubeni semalini. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi “run over” futhi kungaholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu.
4. Spread Options
Inketho yokusabalalisa ihlanganisa ukuthenga nokuthengisa izinkontileka zezinketho ezimbili ezahlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lezi zinkontileka ezimbili zingaba izinketho zezingcingo noma izinketho zokubeka, futhi zingaba ezempahla efanayo eyisisekelo noma zezimpahla ezahlukene.
Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwenketho yokusabalalisa ukusabalalisa ikholi. Kubandakanya ukuthenga inketho yekholi enenani eliphansi lesiteleka futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthengisa inketho yekholi enenani eliphakeme lesiteleka. Umgomo wokusabalala kwekholi uwukwenza inzuzo uma intengo yempahla eyisisekelo inyuka, kuyilapho kukhawulwa ukulahlekelwa okungaba khona uma intengo yempahla yehla.
Olunye uhlobo lwenketho yokusabalalisa i- put spread, ehlanganisa ukuthenga inketho yokubeka enenani eliphansi lesiteleka nokuthengisa inketho yokubeka enenani eliphakeme lesiteleka. Umgomo we- put spread iwukwenza inzuzo uma intengo yempahla eyisisekelo yehla, kuyilapho ukhawulela ukulahlekelwa okungaba khona uma intengo yempahla inyuka.
5. Izinketho zenkomba
Izinketho zenkomba yizivumelwano ezinikeza umnikazi ilungelo, kodwa hhayi isibopho, sokuthenga noma ukuthengisa impahla ekhona eyisisekelo ngentengo eshiwo ngosuku noma ngaphambi kosuku oluthile. Impahla eyisisekelo ngokuvamile iyinkomba yesitoko, njenge-S&P 500, kodwa futhi ingaba isitoko esisodwa, isikhwama sohwebo ngokushintshaniswa (ETF), noma impahla.
Izinketho zenkomba ngokuvamile ziyizinketho zesitayela saseMelika, okusho ukuthi zingasetshenziswa noma nini kuze kufike futhi kufaka phakathi usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi. Izinketho zesitayela saseYurophu zisetshenziswa kuphela ngosuku lwazo lokuphelelwa yisikhathi.
Intengo impahla eyisisekelo engathengwa noma ithengiswe ngayo ibizwa ngokuthi inani lesiteleka. Iprimiyamu inani lenkontileka yenketho. Yinani umthengi ongakhetha alikhokha kumthengisi ongakhetha kukho ukuze athole ilungelo lokuthenga noma lokuthengisa impahla eyisisekelo.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zezinketho zenkomba:
- Izinketho Zocingo
- Faka Izinketho
Izinketho zezingcingo zivele zinikeze umnikazi ilungelo lokuthenga impahla eyisisekelo ngentengo yesiteleka ngaphambi noma kosuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi. Nakuba izinketho ze- putt zinikeza umnikazi ilungelo lokuthengisa impahla eyisisekelo ngentengo yesiteleka ngaphambi noma kosuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi.
Inkokhelo yenketho yekholi ingumehluko phakathi kwenani lesiteleka kanye nenani lempahla eyisisekelo ekupheleni kwesikhathi uma impahla eyisisekelo ingaphezu kwentengo yesimangalo. Uma impahla eyisisekelo ingaphansi kwenani lesiteleka, inketho iphelelwa yisikhathi ingenamsebenzi futhi umthengi ongakhetha ulahlekelwa yiphrimiyamu.
Inkokhelo yenketho yokubeka iwumehluko phakathi kwenani lesiteleka kanye nenani lempahla eyisisekelo ekupheleni kwesikhathi uma impahla eyisisekelo ingaphansi kwenani lesiteleka. Uma impahla eyisisekelo ingaphezu kwenani lesiteleka, inketho iphelelwa yisikhathi ingenamsebenzi futhi umthengi ongakhetha ulahlekelwa yiphrimiyamu.
6. Izinketho zemali
Inketho yohlobo lwemali iwuhlobo lwenkontileka yokuphuma kokunye enikeza umnikazi ilungelo, kodwa hhayi isibopho, sokuthenga noma ukuthengisa uhlobo lwemali olushiwo ngentengo eshiwo ngaphambi noma ngedethi ethile. Izinketho zezimali zisetshenziswa abatshalizimali njengendlela yokubiyela engcupheni yemali noma ukuqagela ngokuhamba kwamazinga okushintshaniswa kwemali.
Imigomo yenkontileka yenketho yohlobo lwemali inqunywa ukubhanqwa kohlobo lwemali oluyisisekelo, intengo yesiteleka, idethi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi, kanye nenkokhelo. Ipheya yemali eyisisekelo yimali ebhangqwayo lapho inkontileka yenketho isekelwe khona. Intengo yesimangalo iyinani umnikazi wenketho angathenga noma adayise ngayo ipheya yemali eyisisekelo. Usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi wusuku lapho inkontileka yenketho ephelelwa khona isikhathi futhi inketho ayisavumelekile. Iprimiyamu inani lenkontileka yenketho.
Izinketho zemali zingaba isitayela saseYurophu noma isitayela saseMelika. Izinketho zesitayela saseYurophu zingasetshenziswa kuphela ngosuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi, kuyilapho izinketho zesitayela saseMelika zingasetshenziswa noma nini kuze kube usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi.
Izinketho zemali zithengiswa emakethe ye-over-the-counter (OTC) futhi azithengiswa ngokuhwebelana.
7. Izinketho Zezimpahla
Inketho yempahla yinkontileka enikeza umnikazi ilungelo, kodwa hhayi isibopho, sokuthenga noma ukuthengisa inani elithile lempahla ngentengo eshiwo ngosuku noma ngaphambi kosuku oluthile.
Inani lapho inketho engasetshenziswa khona ibizwa ngokuthi inani lesiteleka, futhi idethi lapho inketho ephelelwa yisikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi idethi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi.
Uma inketho ingasetshenziswa ngosuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi, iphelelwa yisikhathi futhi iba yize.
Uma impahla eyisisekelo ingathengiswa ngokuhwebelana okulawulwayo, inketho ibhekwa njengenkontileka ye-over-the-counter (OTC).
Umhlahlandlela ongenhla kufanele ukusize uqalise ezinkethweni zokuhweba. Khumbula, ukuhweba ngezinketho kuwumsebenzi oqagelayo futhi akufanele neze ube sengozini engaphezu kwalokho ongakwazi ukukukhokhela.
Ngocwaningo olufanele kanye nokuqonda okuqinile kwezingozi ezihilelekile, ongakhetha ukuhweba kungaba yindlela enenzuzo yokutshala imali yakho.
shiya impendulo