Note - U-Adani Group ube nesikhathi esidlule esimnyama. Lokhu kusanda kudalulwa ophenyweni olwenziwa yi-Hindenburg Research - ifemu egxile ekuthengiseni isikhashana. Ungakwazi funda umbiko ogcwele wophenyo lapha, futhi ngincoma kakhulu ukuthi wenze kanjalo uma utshale imali kunoma iyiphi yezinkampani ze-Adani Group.
Lokhu kwaba kubi kakhulu, funda okusha uphenyo ngu-FT lapha.
UGautam Adani waqala uhambo lwakhe emndenini omncane wamaJain e-Ahmedabad. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yakhe yama-20, u-Gautam Adani wenza iziqu zeBachelor kwezohwebo eNyuvesi yaseGujarat.
Nokho, washiya imfundo yakhe yasekolishi ngonyaka wesibili futhi wanquma ukugxila ebhizinisini lomfowabo.
I-Tatas kanye no-Birlas balolonge indaba yokukhula kwe-India ngemva kwenkululeko, kodwa iqembu le-Adani seliyigama elifanayo lokudala ingcebo ekhulwini lama-21.
Ingqikithi yenani likaGautam Adani kulindeleke ukuthi libe ngama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-114, futhi njengamanje usenguye umuntu wesine ocebe kakhulu emhlabeni. Izinkampani zakhe eziyisikhombisa ezibhalisiwe zinemali yemakethe elinganiselwa ku-$197.49 billion (Julayi 19, 2022).
Ukunwetshwa kweqembu le-Adani
Ukukhuphuka kwe-Adani Group akuyona into yosuku olulodwa. Ake sibone ukukhuphuka kwe-Adani Group isinyathelo ngesinyathelo, kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube manje, futhi yiziphi izinhlelo zabo zokukhula esikhathini esizayo:
Uhambo lukaGautam Adani lwaqala lapho umfowabo omdala uMansukhbhai Adani embiza eseMumbai ngo-1981.
UGautam Adani, ngaleso sikhathi, wasebenzela abazalwane baseMahindra njengomhluzi wedayimane kusukela ngo-1978. UMansukhbhai Adani wammisa embonini yakhe yepulasitiki ukuba engamele umsebenzi. Ngakho, ibhizinisi lepulasitiki laba isango lombuso wesikhathi esizayo weqembu le-Adani.
Ekuqaleni, ibhizinisi lakhe labhekana nezinkinga eziningi, ikakhulukazi ukushoda kwama-granules epulasitiki. Ukuze anqobe lokhu kuntuleka, wayedinga amathani angu-20 e-PVC inyanga ngayinye ukuze avimbe inhloko yenkampani yakhe emanzini.
Kodwa-ke, isivumelwano siqhamuke kumkhiqizi oyedwa wase-India IPCL, owayenganikezi kahle upulasitiki ngesikhathi.
U-Gautam Adani wanqoba lobu bunzima ngezimbumbulu zepulasitiki ngokungenisa ama-plastic granules echwebeni laseKandla ngo-1988.
Ngokusho kwesikhulu sakwa-Adani,
"Ngesikhathi sokuguquguquka kwentengo yemakethe yezinhlamvu zepulasitiki, lapho ezinye izindlu zamabhizinisi zingakwazanga ukufeza isivumelwano sazo, uGautam Adani ukuphela komuntu owafeza isithembiso sakhe.. "
Iqembu le-Adani ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80s nasekuqaleni kwawo-90s.
Ngokushesha ngemva kokuxazulula ukushoda kwepulasitiki, u-Adani waqoqa Incwadi Yokugunyaza kumenzi omncane wepulasitiki futhi waqala ukubeka ama-oda amaningi e-PVC; futhi ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, i-Adani Group yahlangana neGujarat State Export Corporation ukuze kwandiswe ibhizinisi leqembu.
Njengoba yayinikezela ngemibono kumabhizinisi amancane futhi ihlanganisa zonke izicelo ngaphansi kwe-GSEC, u-Gautam Adani wayezichithile izimfuneko ze-Letter of Authorisation.
Ngokungenisa, u-Adani wayevame ukudlulisa i-GSEC imikhiqizo ababeyifuna, futhi wayevame ukuthengisa imikhiqizo esele ngenzuzo enhle kwamanye amakhasimende.
Ngokushesha, wanikezwa ilayisense yokungenisa ezweni nguhulumeni waseGujarat enosilingi we-12 crores Letter of Authorisation.
Ngalesi sigaba, ibhizinisi leqembu le-Adani lakhula ngesivinini esibi kakhulu. Phakathi kuka-1988 no-1992, umthamo wokungenisa wenkampani i-Adani wenyuka usuka ku-100 metric tonnes waya ku-40,000 metric tonnes.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Adani waqala ukungenisa impahla ye-petroleum namakhemikhali kanye nama-PVC granules. Iqembu le-Adani, ngesikhathi, lazikhulisa ekuthengisweni kwemikhiqizo, futhi ngokushesha iqembu le-Adani lavela njengendlu yohwebo yenkanyezi, okwanciphisa isidingo seziqinisekiso zasebhange.
Iqembu le-Adani ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90s
I-Adani Group, kanye ne-EXIM Business, yanda yaba yibhizinisi lengqalasizinda ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90s. Wanquma ukungena kuphrojekthi yamachweba nezitshalo. Ngenxa yalokho, ichweba laseMundra laba iphrojekthi yakhe yokuqala yezezimali.
Kodwa iqembu lika-Adani laqala ukubhekana nokugxekwa kwezepolitiki ngomsebenzi wakhe wechweba ovela kosopolitiki abanethonya njengoGeorge Fernandes. Kamuva baqala ukubhekana nokulahlekelwa okukhulu ngenxa yezinhlelo zabo ezibambezelekile eKandla naseMumbai Port.
U-Adani unqume ukuguqula i-Mundra ibe ichweba elizimele lokuthunjwa ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yokubambezeleka.
I-Adani Group kanye ne-Mundra Port
Izinguquko ze-LPG zenzeka e-India ngo-1991. Uhulumeni waseGujarat ngo-1994 wanquma ukuphatha amachweba amasha njengebhizinisi elihlanganyelwe lezinkampani zikahulumeni nezizimele. Inqume ngohlu lwamachweba ayi-10, okuhlanganisa negama lechweba laseMundra.
Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwezomnotho kwechweba laseMundra, uHulumeni waseGujarat umemezele ukukhishwa kwabaphathi kwechweba laseMundra, kwathi ngo-1995, inkontileka yanikezwa iqembu lase-Adani. Umkhumbi wokuqala wawaziwa ukuthi ume echwebeni laseMundra ngo-1998.
Phakathi kuka-1998 no-2002, i-Adani yanda yangena embonini yokuphehla amandla amalahle kanye neThermal kodwa ayizange izuze okuningi. Ukukhula kwechweba laseMundra phakathi kwale minyaka emine kwakungeyona into engavamile, futhi ngisho noGautam Adani wathi isinqumo sakhe sokuthatha ichweba laseMundra siphumelele.
I-Rising Adani Group.
Isikhathi sokushintsha isiphetho safika ku-Adani Group ngenkathi ichweba laseKandla ngo-2000 lithatha isinqumo sokuzishaya indiva ngokwenqaba isicelo somunye wabaphathi bechweba abakhulu i-P&O Ports Australia.
Ngemuva kwalokhu kusekelwa, i-P&O Ports inikeze lesi sivumelwano ku-Adani Group ngokufaka ukulingana eqenjini le-Adani. Ukukhula kwechweba laseMundra kwaqala ukubona ukuphakama okusha ngemva kwalokhu ezitshaliwe. Ichweba laseMundra manje selingenye yezinkomo zemali eziyinhloko zeqembu le-Adani.
Amachweba ase-Adani kanye Nezindawo Ezikhethekile Ezikhethekile azuze umkhawulo wokusebenza wama-71% ngaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi. I-Citibank ikhethe iqembu le-Adani lokwakha itheminali engeyona eye-LNG echwebeni lase-Hazira. Ngemuva kokuthatha umklomelo wethenda ngo-2009, ukwakhiwa kwaqala ngo-2010. Ichweba laqala ukusebenza ngo-2012.
Kamuva uGautam Adani wahlela ukumisa indawo yokuphehla ugesi e-Mundra enamandla okukhiqiza amandla angu-5,000 Megawatts. Namuhla amandla okukhiqiza amandla ahlanganisiwe wezitshalo zamandla ashisayo zeqembu le-Adani angama-4640 Megawatt.
Inzuzo yakhe inyuke ngokumangazayo isuka kuma-3300 crores ngo-2000 yaya kuma-47,000 crores ngo-2013.
Ukunwetshwa kwe-Adani Group emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukwandiswa kweqembu le-Adani kuqale phakathi kuka-2009 no-2012, lapho iqembu le-Adani liphinde lathola izimayini zamalahle zase-Abbot point Portaur, Queensland, Australia.
Ngokubona lolu hlelo lwe-Adani Group, i-Warburg itshale izigidi ezingu-110 zamaRandi emachwebeni ase-Adani nasezindaweni ezikhethekile zezomnotho ze-Adani. I-French Total iphinde yatshala imali ebiza u-$2.5 Billion ku-Adani Greens.
Iqembu le-Adani likhona
Iqembu le-Adani liyingqalabutho yomkhakha wengqalasizinda waseNdiya futhi libandakanyeka emikhakheni eminingi.
I-Adani Group, ebiqhuba ibhizinisi layo ngamalahle cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili, iqale ukubona ikusasa leqembu le-Adani ngaphandle kukaphethiloli weFossil ngokwenza utshalomali olukhulu emkhakheni wengqalasizinda, ezimayini, emachwebeni, ezimbonini zikagesi, nasezikhumulweni zezindiza, izikhungo zedatha, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezokuvikela.
Namuhla, lokhu kutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile kweqembu le-Adani kudlala indima ebalulekile ezifisweni zesikhathi eside zase-India. Ngesikhathi sobhubhane, amayunithi ayisithupha asohlwini oluphakathi lweqembu le-Adani angeze amadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-79 enanini lawo.
Kulesi sikhathi, iye yandisa ukufinyelela kwayo emhlabeni wonke kwaze kwaba ngu-2020. I-Adani Group iphinde yatshala imali enkampanini kawoyela yaseFrance iTotal SE kanye ne-Warburg Pincus LLC. Iseduze nezimboni zeqembu le-Tata kanye nezeReliance ngokwenani.
Yini elandelayo ku-Adani Group?
I-Adani Group ihlose ukwengeza ukukhula kokulingana okuphindwe kasishiyagalombili ezinkampanini ezingaphansi kwayo ngo-2025. Ngokuzikhulisa kweminye imikhakha ebucayi, i-Adani Group iphinde yazuza ukuhamba kwezindiza ezikhumulweni zezindiza eziyisikhombisa zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe eNdiya, okuyikota eyodwa. yokulawulwa kwethrafikhi yaseNdiya.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqume ukukhulisa amandla ayo ngokuphindwe kasishiyagalombili ukuze ikhiqize ugesi onamandla Ovuselelekayo eNdiya. Kuhambisana kakhulu nokuzibophezela kweNdiya ekubeni izwe elingathathi hlangothi nge-carbon ngo-2070.
I-Adani Group isayine isivumelwano ne-Edgeconnex sokuthuthukisa izikhungo zedatha kulo lonke elaseNdiya futhi ihlele ukungena emkhakheni wezokuvikela, njengoba uHulumeni waseNdiya ehlele nokunciphisa ukuthunyelwa kwezikhali kwamanye amazwe. Singasho ukuthi ikusasa lentshisekelo kaHulumeni wase-India kanye ne-Adani Group ihambisana kakhulu.
Isikweletu Esikhulayo se-Adani Group
Ukwanda okumangalisayo kweqembu le-Adani eminyakeni emihlanu edlule kwenyuse amanani entengo yenkampani ngayinye ngenani elihlanyayo. Uma ubona, amanani entengo yamasheya e-Adani Power akhuphuke ngamaphesenti angama-800, i-Adani Enterprise akhuphuke ngamaphesenti angama-2400, kanye ne-Adani Greens ngamaphesenti amangalisayo angama-5000.
Kodwa bambalwa kakhulu abantu abazi ukuthi iqembu lika-Adani alihlezi phezu kwentaba yenzuzo, kodwa intaba yezikweletu njengoba isikweletu se-Adani Group sikhuphuke ngo-40% saya ku-2.21 Lakh crores ku-FY22 ngokusho kombiko. I-Moneycontrol.
Iqembu le-Adani liqoqe isikweletu esixakile se-INR 2.2 trillion. Ngokusho Kwezindaba Zezikweletu, phakathi kuka-2006-07, imali yeqembu le-Adani yayingama-crores ayi-16,953 uma kuqhathaniswa nesikweletu sama-4,353 crores, kodwa ngo-2012-13, imali engenayo yayingama-47,352 crores esikweletini sama-crores angama-81,122.
Ngisho nanamuhla, isikweletu esiphelele seqembu le-Adani silinganiselwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20 zamaRandi. Kukhona futhi ukuvumelana ukuthi uma sihlola imali engenayo yonyaka ye-Adani Group ngokungafaki i-Adani Wilmer, izoba ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-14.2 kuphela, futhi inani lenzuzo elihlangene lezinkampani zeqembu le-Adani lizoba ngu-$1.4 wezigidigidi kuphela.
I-Oligarchy kanye Nezepolitiki
Ngokusho kukaNilanjan Mukhopadhyay, owabhala i-Biography ku-Narendra Modi ebizwa ngokuthi 'Narendra Modi- Indoda, Izikhathi.', uGautam Adani noNarendra Modi bazana kusukela ngo-2003. Ngokwemibiko eminingi, ngo-2003, lapho iCII yenqaba ukutshala izimali eGujarat ekuphenduleni izibhelu, iqembu le-Gautam Adani litshale ama-crores angu-1500 kumaphrojekthi ahlukene e-Gujarat.
E-US, isithangami sezomnotho sase-Wharton India sinqabile isimemo sikaNarendra Modi. U-Adani Group, obengabaxhasi abakhulu bomcimbi omkhulu, naye uhoxise uxhaso lwakhe ngaphandle kokunikeza isitatimende. I-CAG ihlabe umkhosi izikhathi ezimbili lapho uhulumeni waseGujarat enikeza izinzuzo ezingafanelekile eqenjini le-Adani.
Esikhathini sokuqala, phakathi kuka-2006-09, uphethiloli weSifundazwe saseGujarat wadayisela i-Adani Group igesi ngamanani aphansi. Ngalokhu, i-Adani Group izuze inzuzo ye-70.5 crores. Esigabeni sesibili, uGujarat Urja Vikas Nigam uthole kuphela inhlawulo engu-79.8 crores ngokumelene nama-crores angama-240 alinganiselwa ku-CAG.
I-Adani Group iphinde yabona ukuduba emhlabeni jikelele ngesikhathi 'sokumisa i-Adani Movement' lapho iqembu le-Adani lizibandakanya emayini yamalahle e-Carmichael, ujantshi kanye nechweba lase-Australia.
Ingabe Ukwenyuka Kwezikweletu Kuyingozi ku-Adani Group?
I-Adani enterprise iyona kuphela inkampani esohlwini lwe stock market ekuqaleni kuka-2008. Kusukela ngo-2008 kuya phambili, i-Adani group yaqala ukubhalisa izinkampani zayo, futhi manje sekunezinkampani eziyisikhombisa ezisohlwini:
Adani Wilmar, Adani Enterprises, Adani Ports and SEZ, Adani transmission, Adani Green energy, kanye ne-Adani Gas.
Njengokwesidingo senkampani, iqembu le-Adani lahlela uhlaka oluyinkimbinkimbi lwe ukungena kwemali. Ngo-2015-16, i-Adani Properties okuyinkampani engaphansi kwe-Adani Enterprises, yathenga amaphesenti angu-9.05 amasheya e-Adani njengoba wazi ukuthi zombili lezi zinkampani zikumabhizinisi ahlukene.
Ngo-2017-18, izakhiwo ze-Adani zaphuma ku-Adani Transmission.
Njengoba kwaba nokugxuma okukhulu phakathi isitokwe amanani entengo ye-Adani Transmission phakathi konyaka wokuthenga kanye nonyaka wokuphuma. Phakathi kwalezi zikhathi, njengangoJuni 2015, inani lesitoko leqembu le-Adani lalingama-Rupee angama-27.6, leqe laya kuma-rupee ayi-126 ngo-2017.
Ukube i-Adani group itshale ikhulu lama-crores ngo-2015, ngabe isiba ama-400 crores ngo-2017. Le mali ihlala ngaphakathi kwenkampani uma idingeka iqembu lika-Adani; bangathengisa iziteki zayo ukuze benze umsebenzi wayo wokwakha.
Okwesibili, phakathi kuka-2013-18 i-Adani Power izabalaza nokugeleza kwemali yayo. Kwakungenxa yokuthi ngenkathi kwakhiwa iphrojekthi kagesi e-Mundra, bekulindeleke ukuthi kutholwe amalahle ashibhile avela e-Indonesia.
Ngenkathi i-Indonesia inyusa intengo yamalahle ayo athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, i-Adani Power Mundra yathi izindleko zayo zamalahle zikhuphuke kakhulu kangangokuthi ayisakwazi ukuhlinzeka ngogesi owandisiwe ngamanani angempela.
Ngakho-ke phakathi nalesi sikhathi, imibiko yaminyaka yonke yenkampani ibonisa izimo ezimbalwa lapho amabhizinisi akwa-Adani abolekisa khona ngokuqondile ku-Adani Power futhi ngokungaqondile ngezinkampani ezingaphansi ezifana ne-Infra India noma i-Kutch Power generation.
Ngakho-ke, yonke le nkimbinkimbi yokuvumela nenhlanganisela ingumbono wesikhathi eside weqembu le-Adani ekuhambeni okubili nje. Ukuthenga ukulingana enkampanini yeqembu ukuze kukhiqizwe ukuhamba kwemali, futhi esikhathini esizayo, kusetshenziswa ukufaneleka kwemalimboleko yenkampani ye-Adani group ezinzile ukuze kuqondiswe ukuhamba kwemali enkampanini enezinkinga lapho kudingeka.
Le ndlela isetshenziswa ezinkampanini ezihlukene zeqembu le-Adani elihlanganisa izinkampani eziyisikhombisa ezahlukene ezinezinkulungwane zama-crores of investments.
Ngalokhu kuthutha, i-Adani Group ingakwazi ukukhiqiza ukukhula ngokushesha ezitokisini zayo, futhi uma lezi zindaba zifinyelela ezindlini zabezindaba, ziveza umphakathi ngokukhuphuka kwenani lesheya leqembu le-Adani.
Ingakwazi ukuzuza ukulingana okwengeziwe ngokutshalwa kwezimali kwabantu kwezinkampani ezingaphansi kwe-Adani Group.
Isiphetho
Ukukhula okumangazayo kwe-Adani Group emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule kushiye ithonya elijulile emnothweni waseNdiya. Namuhla i-Adani Group ilawula isabelo esikhulayo semakethe yezitshalo zeSolar evuselelekayo yaseNdiya, ukudluliswa kwamandla kagesi, kanye nemakethe yokusabalalisa igesi yasemadolobheni yaseNdiya.
UGautam Adani, owaziwa nangokuthi iModi's Rockefeller, njengoba ngaphansi kukahulumeni wakwaModi, inani lakhe lenyuke ngo-230%. Njengoba uhulumeni egxile kakhulu ekwehliseni umthetho ama-PSU kaHulumeni.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, uphinde wazuza ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-26 zamarandi kumathenda kahulumeni kanye nemiklamo yengqalasizinda ezweni lonke, ngokweFinancial Times.
Kodwa-ke kuzothakazelisa ukubona ukuthi i-Adani Group, okwamanje ehlezi entabeni yezikweletu, izohamba kanjani emgqeni omncane kakhulu wokukhula kwezikweletu futhi igcine inkampani ekukhuleni okuzinzile.
shiya impendulo