Kungekudala, iZimbabwe ibisematheni ngenxa yezizathu ezingalungile. Ukuntengantenga kwezombusazwe, umzabalazo wesigaba oxhaswe nguhulumeni ngokuhambisana nezinhlanga kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali konke kwakuyizimo zezwe elihlakazekile.
Ngokushesha-phambili kuze kube namuhla futhi isithombe siphambene ngokuphelele. Kunozinzo kwezombusazwe ezweni ngokubuya kwentando yeningi emele abantu, umphakathi uhlukene phakathi njengoba wawusezingeni eliphezulu nomnotho usuphinde wasimama.
Yize ezepolitiki kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu kungezona izinkokhelo zethu, kuyajabulisa ukuthi ngemuva kokushaya u-800%+ wokwehla kwamandla emali ngonyaka ka-2020, izwe lanconywa nje yiWorld Bank ukuze kuvuselelwe amandla ezisekelo zezomnotho.
Ukuze sizwe ukuthi iZimbabwe ikwenze njani lokhu, singene sijule kuzo zonke izinto ze-macroeconomics ukuze sifunde okunengi.
1. Iminyaka Elahlekile - 1997-2009
1.1 Iziqalo Ezithobekile
- Zimbabwe - Isitayela Sokukhula KweGDP
IZimbabwe, eyake yabizwa ngeRhodesia, iyizwe elivalekile eNingizimu ne-Afrika elazuza ukubusa ngeningi ngo-1980 ngemva kwempi yombango ende phakathi kwabamhlophe ababebusa abambalwa kanye neningi labantu abamnyama bomdabu.
Isivumelwano se-Lancaster House, esaqeda impi, sadlulisela amandla kumbuso weningi labantu abansundu ngenkathi silondoloza amalungelo enkululeko yabanikazi bomhlaba abamhlophe, okwathi, njengezakhamuzi ezizalwa, baziveza njengama-Afrika futhi bakhetha ukungabuyeli eBrithani.
Eminyakeni eyi-17 eyalandela, izwe lajabulela ukuzinza okulinganiselwe ngokombono wezepolitiki nezenhlalo nakuba ukuthuthuka komnotho nokuqhunyiswa kwemijikelezo kwaqhubeka, okuyinto evamile emazweni asathuthuka athembele kakhulu ezimpahleni zokuqala. Ngakho-ke, amanani entengo yamazwe ngamazwe ezimbiwa phansi nezilimo anquma ukusebenza kwezomnotho okulinganiselwe kwezwe noma isomiso esiphindelelayo esasizokhinyabeza kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kokudla ngokuphelele.
1.2. Black November 1997
Ngo-November 1997, ngemva kobunzima obukhulu stock market ukuphahlazeka, ukuqina kwezomnotho okubuthakathaka kwachitheka kwaba nezinxushunxushu ezinkulu zomphakathi. Ukhiye phakathi kwalabo ababelwa nobunzima obukhulu bezomnotho kwakungomakadebona bempi yombango yezwe.
Kumqoka ukubalula lapha ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi lowo owayenguMengameli, uMnu Robert Mugabe, wayesephethe iminyaka engu-17. Njengomholi wamavukelambuso osemthethweni owalwa enkundleni yempi futhi wazuza ukuxazululwa kwezombusazwe okwaholela ekubuseni kweningi, wayengumuntu ohlonishwa kakhulu.
Ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe, omakadebona bezempi base beyekile izikhali futhi kwaba nomzamo omkhulu owenziwayo wokuzihlanganisa kabusha kwezomnotho kodwa kwaba nempumelelo encane uma kubhekwa izinsiza zezwe.
Ngaleso sikhathi kwaba sesimweni sobuthakathaka kanye nokusatshiswa okucatshangelwa yisizinda sakhe siqu lapho uMongameli Mugabe amemezela khona uhlelo lokusiza kwezomnotho ukuze kushwelezwe amaqhawe ezempi. Inkinga nje yayiwukuthi lolu hlelo lwaluzobiza u-3% we-GDP ngendlela yenkokhelo yebhonasi yesikhathi esisodwa!
1.3 Izinkinga 98 & 99
Izwe belingenayo imali yokukhokha ibhonasi. Baqale bazama ukukhuphula okufanayo ngentela eyaphikiswa kakhulu osomabhizinisi.
Okulandelayo, baqala ukuboleka, okwafaka ingcindezi kudola leZimbabwe. Izimali zezwe zaqhubeka nokushoda njengoba lajoyina umkhankaso wezizwe eziningi ngo-1998 empini yesibili yaseCongo. U-1999 ulethe isomiso kanye nokwehluleka okusemthethweni kwezibopho zezikweletu ezizimele.
1.4. Ukuguqulwa Komhlaba
Njengoba ukuwohloka komnotho kwehla futhi kuphakamisa izinxushunxushu ezinkulu zezombusazwe, uHulumeni waphambukisa ukunaka koquqaba ngokusungula umthetho wokubuyiselwa komhlaba, lapho umhlaba owawuphethwe abamhlophe wawuzokwabelwa abalimi abamnyama. Kwalandela iziyaluyalu ezinkulu, izifiki ezimhlophe zibalekela izwe nokulahlwa ngamazwe ngamazwe okwaholela ekujezisweni kwezwe uqobo.
Umthelela omubi emnothweni, njengoba unswinyo lomisa ithemba lokutshalwa kwezimali ngqo kwamanye amazwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umkhiqizo wezolimo wehla kakhulu njengoba abalimi abamnyama bengenazo izindlela noma ulwazi lokulima ngemishini emikhulu base besebenzisa ukulima ukuze baphile isivuno esincane.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imihlaba eminingi yayithathwe ngobudlova, futhi “abanikazi” abasha abamnyama bengenazo izincwadi ezifanele zokukhuluma nabo. amabhange imali yokusebenza.
1.5. Ukwehla kwamandla emali
Ukwehla komphumela wezomnotho ngenxa yenswinyo kanye nomthelela wokuguqulwa komhlaba okunodlame kwaba nomthelela omubi ezimalini zomphakathi. UHulumeni waphendukela ekubolekeni ayengakwazi, kodwa ikakhulukazi wanyathelisa imali.
Umthelela kwaba ukuthi kusukela ngo-2004 kuya ku-2009, izwe labanjwa obishini lwe-hyperinflationary spiral kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali kukhuphuke ngama-6,600% ngezinye izilinganiso. Idola leZimbabwe laphelelwa ukwethembakala njalo uHulumende wasebenzisa indlela yokulawula intengo. Lokhu kwandisa inkinga njengoba abantu sebephendukela emnothweni ongahlelekile.
2. Iminyaka Eyishumi Yokwenza Idola
2.1. Izinyathelo Zokuqala
Ngo-2009, amaqembu amathathu ezombusazwe ePhalamende avumelana ukusungula uHulumeni Wobumbano Lwesizwe ukuze enze izinguquko ezibuhlungu kwezomnotho kuyilapho enethemba lokuthi ubumbano lwezombusazwe nokuzinza kuzodala isimo esikahle sokusiza ukubuyisela umnotho.
Isinyathelo sokuqala esathathwa uHulumeni omusha kwaba ngoFebhuwari 2009 lapho ugunyaza ukuhwebelana ngemali yangaphandle emnothweni wakuleli. Umthelela kwaba ukuthi ngo-April 2009, idola laseZimbabwe lase lilahlekelwe ukuthenjwa futhi lamiswa ngokuphelele. I-US$ ibe yimali esemthethweni yemisebenzi kaHulumeni.
2.2 Umthelela Wokuqala
Umthelela walokhu mnyakazo ube muhle kakhulu. Ukwehla kwamandla emali kwahlehla, uhlelo lwamabhange lwazinza futhi kwaqala ukukhula komnotho. Nokho, kube nemiphumela engemihle futhi:
- Abantu baqhubekile nokungawathembi amabhange futhi bagcina izimali zabo emnothweni ongekho emthethweni, olokhu uqhubeka nokuba nzima ezimalini zomphakathi, nokuphoqa uHulumeni ukuthi abhekane nesimo sokukhokhela.
- Lokhu kube nomthelela owengeziwe wezilinganiso zenzalo ephezulu kakhulu, njengoba amabhange ayentula imali yokuboleka nokusiza ekuxazululeni amasondo omnotho.
- Nakuba i-US$ isebenza njengohlobo lwemali olusemthethweni, ayizange igcwalise zonke izidingo ezidingwa uhlelo lwezimali. Okuphambili phakathi kwalezi zinkinga kwakuyimali yemali noma inkinga yamahlelo amancane. Ngenxa yokuntula uguquko oluncane, abantu baphoqeleka ukuthi basebenzise izinhlamvu zemali zaseNingizimu Afrika zamarandi. Imibiko iphinde iphakamise ukuhwebelana ngamakhondomu, i-airtime ephathwayo, namaswidi.
- Izwe belingathumeli kwamanye amazwe ngokwanele ukuze kungene imali eqhubekayo ukuze ibhekane nokukhula. Ngakho-ke, inani labantu, ngokwesisekelo esingekho emthethweni, laqala ukuhwebelana ngezinye izimali, okwabangela ukuba kwenziwe umgunyathi.
2.3. Okuningi Kwamaphutha Afanayo
Kulandela ukhetho ngomnyaka ka 2013, olugcwele izinsolo zokukhwabanisa, iqembu lika Mnu. Ngeshwa, amaphutha afanayo aqhubeka ngokuthi:
- Inqubomgomo elandelwa ngokushesha mayelana nokukhushulwa komnotho waseNingizimu Afrika lapho wonke amabhizinisi kufanele okungenani abe ngabanikazi bama-51% abamnyama, okwengeza ekungabazeni nasekuvimbeleni ukutshalwa kwezimali;
- Ukuphinda kabili izisebenzi zikahulumeni ukuhlinzeka ngemisebenzi endaweni lapho isikhwama sikahulumeni singakuvumeli ukuzibophezela okunjalo. Umphumela waba ukuthi eminyakeni embalwa kamuva kwadingeka ukuba ubukhulu bezinkonzo zikahulumeni buncishwe kakhulu.
- Imizamo etshiyeneyo yokuvuselela idola leZimbabwe ngaphandle kwezinyathelo ezidingekayo zokwakha ukuzethemba. Umphumela ube ukungaqiniseki okukhulu kanye nomnotho omkhulu wabamnyama, nokuqhubeka nokusetshenziswa kwe-US$ njengohlobo lwemali olusemthethweni.
2.4. Ama-Overtures aseShayina
Akubona bonke abalahlekile ngalesi sikhathi. UHulumeni kaMugabe, ngaphansi kwengcindezi eqhubekayo yezijeziso zaseMelika, wabheka kwenye indawo ukusekelwa kwezomnotho futhi waphumelela ngezinga elithile.
Lokhu kuqhamuke kakhulu ekutshaleni imali kweChina kwezezimbiwa eZimbabwe, ezolimo kanye Ezokuvakasha imikhakha. Imiphumela ibikhuthaza, njengoba yomi-3 imikhakha ikhombisa ukuthuthuka.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuyintuthuko enkulu & enkulu enkingeni enkulu. Eqinisweni, lokhu sekudale ukwesaba ukuthi leli zwe lizoba ikoloni laseShayina.
3. Inhlansi Yethemba
3.1. Ukusimama Okubukhali Komnotho
Njengoba umhlaba wonke ungaphansi kwe-lockdown, umnotho weZimbabwe uhlukumezekile kakhulu ngenxa yobhubhane lwe-coronavirus. Kodwa-ke, uma kubhekwa isikhundla salo njengomkhiqizi wezimpahla eziyinhloko, izwe labona ukukhula kwengcebo ngokushesha.
Njengokwakho Ibhange Lomhlaba, umnotho ukhule ngo-5.8% ngo-2021 kulandela ukwehla ngo-6.2% ngo-2020. Izizathu ezibekiwe zenza ukufunda okuthakazelisayo:
- Ukukhula kwe-GDP kwaholwa wukusimama emikhakheni yezolimo nezimboni. Siyazi ukuthi ukubuyiswa komhlaba nezijeziso ezikhubazayo ziyicekele phansi yomibili le mikhakha. Kwadingeka usizo kumaShayina ukuze alulame lapha, ayesizwa isivuno esikhulu.
- Ukwehla kwamandla emali ngenxa yenqubomgomo yemali eqinile. Izilinganiso zenzalo ephezulu nezindlela zenqubomgomo zisize ekunciphiseni izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali lisuka ku-838% ngo-2020 laya ku-60% ngo-2021.
- Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uHulumeni wazama ukuphila ngokwamandla akhe ngokulandela inqubomgomo yezimali enomthwalo wemfanelo. Akukho nokukodwa kokudlulele okwedlulele okuxhaswe, nokusetshenziswa kwentuthuko okuhambisana noxhaso.
- Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe okuphezulu nezinkokhelo zabasebenzi kusizile ngebhalansi yesimo sokukhokha. Ngokuvamile kudlalwa amandla amabili lapha. Okokuqala, ngemuva kwenhlekelele ye-COVID-19, lapho ukukhiqizwa komhlaba kubuya ku-inthanethi, bekunesidingo esikhulu sezimpahla eziyisisekelo, ikakhulukazi amaminerali. Lokhu kwasiza umnotho weZimbabwe njengoba imfuno & amanani enyuka. Okwesibili, ngenxa yokuvalwa kwe-lockdown, abasebenzi bakwamanye amazwe badilizwa bakhetha ukubuyela ekhaya, ngakho-ke amanani athunyelwayo ayephezulu.
- Amazinga anele okugomela i-coronavirus avumele umnotho ukuthi usebenze ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuphazamiseka kokuvala izivalo. Futhi, amaShayina abewusizo kakhulu futhi ephana lapha.
3.2. Izifundo
Kuwo wonke umlando wayo, izikhulu ezibusayo zaseZimbabwe zibukeka ziyinselele ukucabanga okujwayelekile. Lokhu kugqugquzelwe isifiso salabo abaphethe ukwelula ukubusa kwabo ngokulahlekelwa inhlalakahle enkulu yabantu. Okubi kakhulu ukuthi umqondo woguquko owawukhona ngeminyaka yawo-1970 usaqhubeka nokuhlukunyezwa kube nemiphumela emibi kakhulu.
Thatha, isibonelo, ibhonasi yango-1997 kumakadebona zempi. Esikhundleni sokuthobela izimfuno zabo, bekungaba ukuhlakanipha ukubiza ukhetho olusha ukuze izindaba ezinjengalezi zidingidwe njengengxenye yenkulumo ebanzi yezombangazwe.
Okufanayo kuya ngokuguqulwa komhlaba okungalulekwanga kahle nokungenziwanga kahle. Umqondo ongcono kakhulu bekungaba wukusungula imifelandawonye ebingakhuthaza ubunikazi obuhlangene bomhlaba ngesikhathi kuvunyelwa izindlela ezithuthukile zokulima ngemishini ukuthi ziqhubeke.
Ngokufanayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwamanye amazwe kwamukelwa nguHulumeni njengokungathi kuyindondo yokuhlonishwa. Iqiniso liwukuthi ukube bekungewona amaShayina, ngabe ahlakazeka abe yimpi yombango echitha igazi eliningi.
Futhi, ukukhishwa kwalokhu okuthunyelwe akukhona ukuphawula kwezepolitiki. Nokho-ke akukho ukugoqana uma sithi ukuthatha izinqumo kwezomnotho akufanele kuthonywe ipolitiki. Ukuthathwa kwezinqumo okuphusile embonini yezomnotho kukhombise imiphumela yakho ngonyaka owodwa nje eZimbabwe. Leli yicala elibucayi elibhekene nalabo abebephethe umnotho phambilini.
3.3. Ikusasa
Nakuba izindaba eziphuma eZimbabwe bezilokhu zinhle kusukela kamuva, kunezingozi ezinkulu ezisasele. Ngokungaguquguquki, njengoba imiphumela ephansi ishabalala, ukukhula kwe-GDP kuzokwehla kancane eminyakeni ezayo.
Ngaso leso sikhathi, umjikelezo wezimpahla ezikhona njengamanje kanye nokwehla komnotho okuwumphumela kuzophinde kube nomthelela ekudingeni izimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwezwe futhi kufake ingcindezi ekubuyiseleni kabusha osekuvele kuntekenteke. Izwe lisalokhu lincike kumaShayina njengozakwethu omkhulu wezohwebo nokutshala izimali, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwawo kwamanye amazwe akubonisi ukuphela.
– Izibalo zakamuva ze-Inflation – Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe
Okudingekayo wukuthi iZimbabwe iqinisekise ukuthi ayiqhubeki nokuphindaphinda amaphutha esikhathi esedlule.
Kuze kube manje, akukaze kubuyelwe emalini kazwelonke ngenxa yokushoda kwe-trust okubusa kakhulu.
Lokhu kuthembana kudinga ukuzuzwa futhi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, inhlekelele yezomnotho eyenziwe umuntu izoqhubeka.
shiya impendulo