Kev nqis peev hauv kev lag luam Tshuag tau nkag mus rau cov pej xeem ntau dua li lub ntiaj teb tau txais ntau dua digitized.
Cov tub ua lag luam tam sim no tuaj yeem siv zog saib xyuas lawv cov cuab tam, kev lag luam cov khoom lag luam thiab cov khoom lag luam, thiab txhim kho cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv los ntawm lawv cov smartphones, ua tsaug rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm online brokers thiab kev nqis peev platforms.
Ob tug xws li online brokers uas tau txais koob meej loj hauv Is Nrias teb yog Zerodha thiab INDmoney. Thaum ob lub platform no muab cov kev pabcuam zoo sib xws, lawv muaj lawv cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb thiab hom phiaj sib txawv ntawm cov tub ua lag luam.
Zerodha yog Is Nrias teb qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab ntseeg siab tshaj plaws hauv online broker, muab tus nqi qis trading platform nrog cov cuab yeej siab heev thiab nta. Ntawm qhov tod tes, INDmoney yog ib qho kev tswj hwm kev muaj nyiaj muaj txiaj ntsig uas muab tus kheej tswv yim kev nqis peev thiab tswj koj lub neej nyiaj txiag tag nrho.
Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav sib piv cov kev pabcuam demat account uas muab los ntawm Zerodha thiab INDmoney, thiab pab koj txiav txim siab seb lub platform twg yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau koj. Yog li, cia peb dhia dej!
I. Cov ntsiab lus luv luv ntawm Zerodha thiab INDmoney
(i) Zerodha
Zerodha, Is Nrias teb tus loj tshaj plaws hauv internet luv nqi broking tuam txhab, tau revolutionized txoj kev uas tib neeg nqis peev nyob rau hauv Tshuag lag luam.
Founded hauv 2010 los ntawm lub zog duo ntawm Nithin Kamath thiab Nikhil Kamath, Zerodha boasts ntawm muaj tshaj 1 crore cov neeg siv khoom thiab pab txhawb rau ntau tshaj 15% ntawm tag nrho cov khw muag khoom xaj ntim hauv Is Nrias teb txhua hnub.
Lub koom haum, uas muaj nws lub tsev hauv paus hauv Bengaluru, tau hloov pauv cov khoom lag luam hauv Tshuag.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm Zerodha yog txhawm rau tshem tawm txhua tus neeg nruab nrab kom txhua tus tuaj yeem tau txais cov kev pabcuam nyiaj txiag uas pheej yig thiab zoo.
Nrog nws cov neeg siv-phooj ywg platform thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis, Zerodha tau ua Tshuag lag luam nkag mus rau cov neeg coob coob, yog li kev ywj pheej ntawm Indian khw lag luam.
(ii) INDmoney
INDmoney yog ib tus neeg tshiab tshiab hauv ntiaj teb kev nqis peev thiab kev tswj hwm nyiaj txiag hauv Is Nrias teb.
Nws tau tsim tawm hauv xyoo 2019 thiab twb tau txais ntau dua 7 lab tus neeg siv thiab tau txais kev nyiam sai sai. Tsis zoo li lwm cov peev txheej, INDmoney yog ntau tshaj li kev nqis peev app; nws yog tsev neeg kev npaj nyiaj txiag app uas pab cov neeg siv npaj lawv cov nyiaj txiag thiab nqis peev lawv cov nyiaj muaj txiaj ntsig.
Nrog rau kev nkag mus rau ntau dua 5000 cov khoom lag luam thiab 6000 cov nyiaj sib koom, INDmoney muaj ntau yam kev xaiv peev rau nws cov neeg siv. Tsim los ntawm Ashish Kashyap, lub lag luam yog lub hauv paus hauv Gurgaon, Haryana.
INDmoney lub hom phiaj los tsim kev tswj hwm kev muaj nyiaj txiag thiab ua rau nws nkag mus tau rau txhua tus, tsis hais lawv qhov kev paub txog nyiaj txiag lossis kev paub dhau los.
II. Nqi thiab Nqi
(i) Zerodha
Tus nqi qhib tus account: - Thaum nws los txog rau cov nqi thiab cov nqi, Zerodha muab cov nqi sib tw hauv kev lag luam Indian Tshuag lag luam. Tus nqi qhib nyiaj hauv online rau kev ncaj ncees, F&O, thiab txiaj yog 200 INR, thiab nws yog 300 INR rau cov khoom lag luam. Cov nqi them offline yog 400 INR thiab 600 INR ntsig txog.
Tus nqi tu txhua xyoo: -Cov nqi tu tus account lossis AMC yog 300 INR + 18% GST ib xyoos twg, uas yog them peb lub hlis twg ie 75 INR + GST txhua 90 hnub uas tau txiav tawm ntawm koj tus account.
Tus nqi brokerage: - Tus brokerage tsis them tus nqi rau kev lag luam sib npaug, thiab rau kev lag luam hauv hnub thiab yav tom ntej, nws raug nqi 0.03% lossis 20 / xaj, qhov twg qis dua. Ib tus nqi pheej yig ntawm 20 INR yog them rau kev lag luam rau kev xaiv.
Lwm cov nqi: - Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tuam txhab levies STT lossis CTT tsub nqi, cov nqi sib pauv, GST nqi ntawm 18% (them tsuas yog ntawm brokerage, SEBI, thiab kev lag luam), SEBI tsub ntawm 10 INR ib crore tus nqi pauv, thiab nqi stamp. DP tus nqi ntawm 13.5 INR ib daim ntawv raug them thaum kawg ntawm hnub tsis hais txog qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom muag.
Zerodha muab lub laij lej uas pab cov neeg siv khoom suav lawv cov nqi thiab cov nqi tag nrho los ntawm kev nkag mus rau lawv cov nqi sib pauv thiab hom kev lag luam.
(ii) INDmoney
Qhib account thiab AMC: - INDmoney muaj tus qauv tus nqi yooj yim thiab pob tshab rau lawv cov kev pabcuam demat account. Lawv tsis txhob them tus nqi qhib tus account lossis AMC nqi uas tej zaum yuav yog ib qho kev xaiv zoo heev rau cov pib tshiab kom txuag tau qee cov nyiaj muaj txiaj ntsig.
Tus nqi brokerage: - INDmoney them tus brokerage yooj yim ntawm 0.05% ntawm tag nrho cov nqi sib pauv, mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 20 INR, tsis hais hom kev lag luam twg.
Lwm cov nqi: - Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv them cov nqi sib pauv los ntawm NSE thiab BSE, STT tsub nqi, tsub lub luag haujlwm, thiab SEBI turnover tsub nqi ntawm 0.0001% ntawm ob qho tib si kev ncaj ncees thiab intraday trading.
Rau kev muag khoom, DP nqi ntawm 13.5 INR / ntawv yuav raug them. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tub ua lag luam muaj kev xaiv los hloov lawv cov peev txheej hauv lub cev rau hauv daim ntawv dematerialized ntawm 250 INR / daim ntawv pov thawj, thiab GST yuav siv tau rau cov nqi no.
Zuag qhia tag nrho, INDmoney tus nqi qauv yog qhov txaus nyiam heev thiab yog ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo rau lwm tus neeg sib tw nqi hauv khw.
III. UI Kev Paub
(i) Zerodha
Ob leeg novice thiab cov kws tshaj lij cov tub lag luam tuaj yeem yooj yim pauv thiab nqis peev hauv Zerodha vim nws cov qauv siv tau zoo. Lub dashboard tau teeb tsa zoo thiab sau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog hauv ib qho chaw.
Tsis tas yuav tshawb xyuas cov ntu tsis meej pem, koj tuaj yeem teeb tsa ntau cov npe saib, thiab xyuas koj cov xaj, txoj haujlwm, thiab cov nyiaj tshuav ntawm lub xaib. Ntau tshaj 70% ntawm kev ua lag luam tau ua tiav siv lub mobile app, uas muaj peev xwm sib npaug li lub desktop version.
Lub software yuav raug kho raws li koj nyiam, suav nrog kev hloov ntawm hom tsaus thiab ci. Koj tseem tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas ntau cov khoom lag luam ib txhij los ntawm ib txhij qhib mus txog plaub daim duab sib txawv ntawm qhov screen.
Koj tuaj yeem pauv tau yooj yim thiab mloog zoo rau koj cov nyiaj ua tsaug rau qhov yooj yim tsis tau zoo interface.
(ii) INDmoney
Thaum nws los txog rau lub interface thiab cov neeg siv kev paub ntawm INDmoney, nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias nws txawv ntawm Zerodha vim nws tsis yog ib qho kev lag luam app.
Nws yog ntau dua ntawm kev tswj hwm kev nplua nuj uas muaj ntau yam kev xaiv peev xws li cov khoom lag luam, cov nyiaj sib koom, kev tuav pov hwm, ntu qiv, thiab ntau dua.
Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj siv lub app nkaus xwb rau kev lag luam lossis kev nqis peev, koj yuav tau siv qee lub sijhawm los siv rau lub interface, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam me ntsis vim muaj ntau ntu.
Lub app tau muab faib ua cov ntu sib txawv xws li Indstocks, US stocks, Mutual funds, Super Saver, thiab ntau dua. Txhawm rau saib koj txoj haujlwm thiab kev lag luam, koj yuav tsum tau mus rau hauv cov ntu no.
Lub mobile app yuav luag zoo tib yam rau lub desktop platform thiab muaj kev sib txuas lus dav. Koj tseem tuaj yeem nkag mus saib cov yeeb yaj kiab kev kawm ntawm lub dashboard kom paub txog kev xaiv peev sib txawv.
Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj tab tom nrhiav kev xav tau kev lag luam, koj yuav siv sijhawm feem ntau hauv ib lossis ob ntu hauv lub app. Txawm hais tias lub interface yog me ntsis cluttered, nws muaj ntau yam kev xaiv peev, ua rau nws yog ib qho kev xaiv txaus nyiam rau cov uas tab tom nrhiav kev tswj hwm kev nplua nuj.
IV. Kev xaiv peev
(i) Zerodha
(a) Tshuag thiab ETFs
Zerodha feem ntau yog ib lub tuam txhab stockbroking uas muaj ntau yam kev xaiv peev rau nws cov neeg siv khoom. Nws cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb, KITE, muab lub platform nkag siab rau kev ua lag luam thiab nqis peev hauv cov khoom lag luam ncaj ncees ntawm NSE thiab BSE.
Los ntawm nws cov cuab yeej ua lag luam txiav thiab siv tau yooj yim, Zerodha tau ua rau cov tub ua lag luam tuaj yeem yuav thiab muag cov khoom lag luam yam tsis muaj fuss.
Lub peev xwm los nqis peev hauv cov khoom lag luam rau ob lub hom phiaj kev lag luam ntev thiab luv luv yog ib qho txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm Zerodha cov peev txheej kev xaiv.
Thaum kev lag luam niaj hnub ua rau cov tub ua lag luam tuaj yeem yuav thiab muag cov khoom lag luam nyob rau tib hnub, kev xa khoom raws li kev lag luam tso cai rau cov tub ua lag luam tuav cov khoom lag luam rau lub sijhawm ntev. Kev cuam tshuam nrog ETFs ntawm cov ntsuas sib txawv kuj tseem ua tau ntawm KITE app.
(b) Mutual Funds
Kev sib koom ua lag luam yog qhov zoo nyiam thiab yooj yim lub tswv yim los faib koj cov ntaub ntawv thiab tej zaum yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig. Thaum muab piv rau cov nyiaj sib koom ua ke, Zerodha's COIN app muaj lub platform zoo rau kev nqis peev ncaj qha hauv ntau dua 2000 cov nyiaj ncaj qha, txuag txog li 1.5% txhua xyoo hauv cov nqi.
Raws li koj lub hom phiaj thiab qib ntawm kev pheej hmoo txaus ntshai, COIN muab ntau txoj hauv kev los daws cov peev nyiaj sib koom. Los ntawm lub kaus mom loj, me me, txuag se, ntiaj teb, lossis cov nyiaj tau los tas li, COIN muaj tag nrho.
Muaj ntau yam cuab yeej thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas pab koj tshawb nrhiav thiab xaiv cov peev nyiaj sib koom ua ke zoo tshaj plaws rau koj cov kev xav tau kev nqis peev yog qhov txawv ntawm COIN los ntawm lwm qhov kev sib koom ua ke. Koj tuaj yeem taug qab koj cov khoom muaj nqis thiab ua kom muaj kev xaiv zoo los ntawm kev siv cov cuab yeej yooj yim xws li kev ntsuam xyuas nyiaj txiag thiab a cov ntaub ntawv tracker.
(c) F&O thiab Cov Khoom Muag
Yav Tom Ntej thiab Kev Xaiv (F&O) thiab Cov Khoom Muag Khoom lag luam tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ntshai me ntsis rau cov neeg pib tshiab, tab sis nrog Zerodha tus neeg siv lub platform, nws yooj yim thiab siv tau rau txhua tus.
Los ntawm Kite, Sensibull, thiab Streak, Zerodha muab seamless trading ntawm ntau yam khoom xws li hlau, roj, thiab agro commodities ntawm MCX, thiab yav tom ntej thiab cov kev xaiv ntawm lub Performance index ntawm NSE.
Qhov kev thov ntawm F&O trading yog tias koj tuaj yeem tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm nws ob qho tib si thaum lub lag luam nce thiab poob.
Yog li ntawd, muaj kev ywj pheej ntau dua thiab muaj ntau yam kev lag luam loj dua. Cov khoom lag luam muaj ib txoj hauv kev los faib koj cov kev tuav pov hwm thiab tej zaum yuav nthuav tawm koj mus rau ntau yam lag luam.
(d) IPOs
Thawj Pej Xeem Kev Tshaj Tawm, lossis IPOs, yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo rau cov lag luam kom nce nyiaj los ntawm kev qhia lawv cov Tshuag rau pej xeem. Koj tuaj yeem ntes cov sijhawm ntxov hauv cov tuam txhab me me ua ntej lawv ua kom loj hauv kev ua lag luam.
Zerodha tso cai rau koj los nqis peev hauv IPOs yav tom ntej los ntawm nws Kite app, uas ua rau nws yooj yim rau tso koj cov xaj ntawm 10 AM hnub qhib thiab 4: 30 teev tsaus ntuj hnub kaw ntawm qhov teeb meem. Koj tuaj yeem tso li 3 qhov kev sib tw hauv daim ntawv thov IPO, muab kev yooj yim rau koj los nqis peev raws li koj nyiam.
Yog li yog tias koj tab tom nrhiav kev nqis peev hauv cov tuam txhab tshiab zoo siab thiab muaj peev xwm tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo, IPO kev nqis peev nrog Zerodha tej zaum yuav yog qhov koj xav tau.
(e) Cov cuab yeej nyiaj tau los tas li
Rau cov tib neeg nrhiav kev xaiv kev nyab xeeb dua, kev nqis peev hauv cov nyiaj tau los ruaj khov yuav yog qhov ua tau zoo. Los ntawm nws cov COIN app, Zerodha muab ntau yam khoom lag luam tau nyiaj tau los, xws li cov nyiaj kub kub thiab tsoom fwv kev nyab xeeb.
Rau cov tub ua lag luam uas nrhiav tus nqi xa rov qab ntau dua li cov qauv tso nyiaj ruaj khov thiab ntxiv kev ruaj ntseg ntawm kev nqis peev hauv tsoomfwv cov peev txheej, tsoomfwv kev nyab xeeb yog lwm txoj hauv kev zoo. Koj tuaj yeem nqis peev hauv ntau yam ntawm tsoomfwv daim ntawv cog lus, xws li GOI-hnub daim ntawv cog lus thiab cov nyiaj qiv nyiaj, thaum twg kev sib tw qhib.
Lwm qhov kev xaiv peev uas nrov yog Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs). Cov ntawv cog lus no muab ob qho nyiaj tau txais txiaj ntsig thiab 2.5% paj paj ib xyoos rau koj peev hauv digital kub daim ntawv. Koj tseem tuaj yeem nqis peev hauv Gold ETFs, uas yuav muaj nyob ib ncig ntawm 1% tus nqi them.
(ii) INDmoney
(a) Indian Stocks thiab ETFs
Kev nqis peev hauv Indian Tshuag thiab ETFs yeej tsis yooj yim dua nrog INDmoney! Lub app muaj tus account demat uas tso cai rau koj los nqis peev hauv cov khoom lag luam thiab ETFs teev nyob rau ntawm NSE thiab BSE. Dab tsi yog qhov zoo siab heev txog Indmoney yog txoj hauv kev uas nws faib cov khoom lag luam Indian - muaj cov kev xaiv rau cov neeg lag luam muag khoom raws li lub ntsiab lus, kev siv zog, cov nyiaj faib, thiab cov khoom lag luam tshwj xeeb.
Lub app kuj tseem muaj ntau yam tshuaj ntsuam xyuas los pab koj lim los ntawm cov kev xaiv loj heev uas muaj, ua kom yooj yim rau koj nrhiav kev nqis peev uas haum koj lub hom phiaj thiab kev pheej hmoo txaus ntshai. INDmoney tseem muaj ETFs ntawm txhua qhov ntsuas tseem ceeb hauv lub tebchaws, muab sijhawm rau koj los faib koj cov ntaub ntawv thiab txo cov kev pheej hmoo.
(b) Mutual Funds
Lub platform ua tiav los ntawm INDmoney ua rau nws yooj yim rau cov tub ua lag luam los yuav, taug qab, thiab tswj hwm lawv cov ntaub ntawv. Cov neeg siv kuj tuaj yeem tau txais daim ntawv qhia txog kev ua tau zoo, kev tshuaj xyuas lub sijhawm ntawm lawv qhov kev ua tau zoo, thiab cov kev pabcuam tawm tswv yim raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawd.
Cov peev nyiaj lag luam, cov nyiaj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws, cov nyiaj qiv nyiaj, cov nyiaj sib koom ua ke, cov nyiaj kub, thiab cov nyiaj ua kua tsuas yog qee qhov kev sib koom ua ke uas INDmoney muab. Ib qho ntawm cov nyiaj no yog qhov kev xaiv ntau yam thiab siv tau rau cov tib neeg tab tom nrhiav kev nqis peev hauv kev sib koom ua lag luam vim tias cov tub ua lag luam tuaj yeem pib cov phiaj xwm peev txheej (SIPs) hauv ib qho ntawm lawv.
(c) Fixed Deposit
Kev nqis peev hauv Cov Nyiaj Them Se tuaj yeem yog txoj hauv kev nyab xeeb thiab yooj yim kom tau txais cov nyiaj rov qab tas li ntawm koj cov peev txheej, thiab INDmoney ua rau nws yooj yim dua puas tau. Nrog rau kev tso nyiaj ruaj khov dashboard, tswj koj FDs yeej tsis tau yooj yim dua.
Koj tuaj yeem taug qab koj qhov kev tso nyiaj tas li tag nrho thiab tau txais qhov nruab nrab rov qab feem pua ntawm koj cov peev txheej, tag nrho hauv ib qho chaw.
Ntxiv rau, nrog rau INDprotect feature, koj tuaj yeem tso siab tau tias koj cov peev txheej tau ntawv pov thawj thiab nyab xeeb. INDmoney tseem muab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev tso nyiaj tso nyiaj schemes muab los ntawm cov tsev txhab nyiaj sib txawv, suav nrog kev siv, cov paj laum, thiab cov peev nyiaj tsawg kawg nkaus.
(d) Teb Chaws Asmeskas Tshuag
INDmoney cov US Stocks kev xaiv peev yog ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb uas teeb nws sib nrug los ntawm lwm cov nyiaj demat hauv Is Nrias teb. Nrog INDmoney, cov tub ua lag luam tuaj yeem nkag mus rau ib tus neeg Asmeskas cov khoom lag luam, nrog rau US cov nyiaj thiab ETFs, thiab txawm tias koom nrog US Stock Rewards program uas tso cai rau kev nqis peev ntau hauv ntiaj teb.
Cov yeeb yam no tau ua tiav los ntawm Finzoomers Services Private Limited thiab muab kev nkag mus rau cov khoom lag luam loj hauv Asmeskas xws li NASDAQ thiab NYSE. Cov neeg lag luam muaj lub sijhawm los nthuav tawm lawv cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj thoob ntiaj teb thiab tej zaum yuav raug cuam tshuam rau qee lub tuam txhab saum toj kawg nkaus los ntawm kev xaiv qhov kev xaiv peev no.
V. Nta thiab cov txiaj ntsig
(i) Zerodha
- Lub qhov rais hloov tau yooj yim uas tuaj yeem txav mus thoob plaws lub desktop.
- Ntau kab ntawv ntawm tib lub vijtsam nrog ntau dua 100 qhov ntsuas.
- Real-time tus nqi hloov pauv.
- Ntau hom kev txiav txim, nrog rau kev txiav txim bracket, tom qab kev ua lag luam xaj, thiab lwm yam.
- Muab cov ntawv xaj los ntawm daim ntawv tsis tas yuav kaw qhov screen.
- Nkag mus rau cov kab kos zoo tshaj plaws - TradingView thiab ChartIQ.
- Cov ntaub ntawv tuav thiab cov nyiaj tau poob rau kev sau se thiab tsom xam.
- Tseem ceeb thiab kev tsom xam ntawm cov khoom lag luam rau kev mob siab rau ua ntej kev nqis peev.
- Kev ceeb toom thiab ceeb toom ceeb toom rau koj thaum tus nqi hla koj qhov kev txiav txim siab yuav / muag qib.
(ii) INDmoney
- AI-powered kev tsom xam cov khoom lag luam rau kev nkag siab tob rau hauv cov nyiaj tau los, profitability, thiab kev ntsuas.
- Customizable lim thiab kev xaiv xaiv los nrhiav cov khoom lag luam raws li cov qauv tshwj xeeb.
- Kev tsis ncaj ncees thiab lub hom phiaj yuav thiab muag cov lus pom zoo raws li AI suav.
- Tsis siv neeg rebalancing ntawm kev sib nrig sib koom ua ke los ntawm STP feature.
- Analyst forecasts thiab kev ntsuam xyuas los ntawm cov kws txawj hauv kev lag luam rau kev paub ntau ntxiv txog kev txiav txim siab peev.
- Cov tuam txhab nthuav dav kev nkag siab nrog rau cov tsis tseem ceeb.
- Intraday trading yog muaj rau ceev profits.
- Kev txiav txim tom qab kev lag luam muaj nyob ntawm tus nqi ntawm 10 Rs. rau kev txiav txim.
xaus
Tom qab sib piv INDmoney thiab Zerodha hauv ntau yam, nws yog qhov tseeb tias ob lub platform muaj lawv tus kheej lub zog thiab qhov tsis muaj zog. INDmoney yog lub platform zoo rau kev tswj nyiaj txiag thiab kev nqis peev hauv Asmeskas cov khoom lag luam, tab sis thaum nws los txog rau demat accounts thiab kev lag luam, Zerodha yog qhov kev xaiv zoo dua.
Zerodha muaj ntau lub koob npe nrov nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb demat thiab lawv lub platform yog npaj rau cov tub lag luam nquag. Txawm hais tias lawv cov nqi yuav kim me ntsis, cov yam ntxwv thiab cov txiaj ntsig lawv muab tau zoo tsim nyog.
Lawv cov neeg siv khoom txhawb nqa yog qhov zoo heev, thiab lawv muaj cov neeg siv kev sib raug zoo uas tso cai rau kev lag luam yooj yim thiab nqis peev.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, INDmoney's interface tej zaum yuav nyuaj me ntsis, tab sis lawv muaj ntau yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv xws li AI-powered Tshuag tsom xam, tsis siv neeg portfolio rebalancing, kws tshuaj ntsuam kev kwv yees thiab kev ntaus nqi, thiab ntau ntxiv.
Sau ntawv cia Ncua