Ba da dadewa ba, Zimbabwe ta kasance cikin labarai saboda wasu dalilai marasa kyau. Rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, gwagwarmayar aji da gwamnati ta dauki nauyi tare da kabilanci & hauhawar farashin kaya duk sune abubuwan da suka haifar da kasa a cikin rudani.
Saurin ci gaba har zuwa yau kuma hoton ya saba wa juna. Ana samun kwanciyar hankali ta siyasa a kasar tare da dawowar dimokuradiyyar wakilai, al'umma ba ta da rarrabuwar kawuna fiye da yadda take a kololuwarta sannan kuma tattalin arzikin kasar ya farfado.
Duk da yake siyasa da ilimin zamantakewar al'umma ba su ne mafita ba, yana da ban sha'awa cewa bayan bugun 800%+ hauhawar farashin kayayyaki na shekara-shekara a 2020, Bankin Duniya ne kawai ya yaba wa kasar don samun farfadowa mai ƙarfi a cikin tushen tattalin arziki.
Don nemo yadda Zimbabwe ta cimma wannan, mun zurfafa zurfafa cikin duk wani abu na tattalin arziƙi a ƙoƙarin samun ƙarin koyo.
1. Shekarun Batattu - 1997-2009
1.1 Farawa Masu Tawali'u
– Zimbabwe – GDP Trend Trend
Kasar Zimbabwe wadda a da a da a ce Rhodesia kasa ce da ba ta da ruwa a Kudancin Afirka da ta samu mulki da rinjaye a shekara ta 1980 bayan wani dogon yakin basasa tsakanin 'yan tsiraru farar fata masu mulki da kuma 'yan asalin bakar fata masu rinjaye.
Yarjejeniyar Lancaster House, wacce ta kawo karshen yakin, ta mika mulki ga mulkin yawancin bakaken fata yayin da ake kiyaye haƙƙin ƴancin ƴan ƙasar farar fata waɗanda, a matsayin mazaunan tsararraki, suka bayyana kansu a matsayin ƴan Afirka kuma suka zaɓi ba za su koma Biritaniya ba.
A cikin shekaru 17 masu zuwa, kasar ta samu kwanciyar hankali ta fuskar siyasa da zamantakewa ko da yake an ci gaba da bunkasar tattalin arziki da zagayawa, wanda ya zama ruwan dare ga kasashe masu tasowa masu dogaro da kayayyaki na farko. Don haka, farashin ma'adinai da amfanin gona na duniya ya yi nuni da yadda tattalin arzikin kasar ke tafiya ko kuma fari da ke ci gaba da kawo cikas ga samar da abinci gaba daya.
1.2. Black Nuwamba 1997
A cikin watan Nuwamba 1997, bayan da mai tsanani stock kasuwa hadarin, raunin sawun tattalin arziki ya fantsama cikin gaggarumin tashin hankalin jama'a. Babban daga cikin wadanda ke fama da matsanancin matsin tattalin arziki su ne wadanda suka yi yakin basasar kasar.
A nan yana da mahimmanci a ambaci cewa a wannan lokaci, shugaban kasar na lokacin, Mista Robert Mugabe, ya shafe shekaru 17 a kan karagar mulki. A matsayinsa na shugaban ’yan tawayen da ya yi yaƙi a fagen fama kuma ya cimma matsaya ta siyasa da ta kai ga mulkin rinjaye, ya kasance mutum ne da ake girmamawa sosai.
A karkashin jagorancinsa, mayaƙan yaƙi sun yi watsi da makamai kuma an yi ƙoƙari sosai don mayar da su cikin tsarin tattalin arziki amma tare da ƙarancin nasara idan aka yi la'akari da albarkatun kasar.
Daga nan ne daga wani matsayi na rauni da kuma barazanar da ake ganin daga tushe na ikonsa ne shugaba Mugabe ya bayyana shirin taimakon tattalin arziki don faranta ran sojojin da ke yaki. Matsalar kawai ita ce shirin zai ci kashi 3% na GDP a cikin hanyar biyan kuɗi na lokaci ɗaya!
1.3 Matsala 98 & 99
Kasar ba ta da kudaden biyan alawus. Da farko dai sun yi kokarin kara kudin ne ta hanyar wani harajin da ‘yan kasuwa ke adawa da shi.
Bayan haka, sun fara rance, wanda hakan ya sanya matsin lamba kan dalar Zimbabwe. Ana ci gaba da tabarbarewar kudaden kasar yayin da ta shiga yakin neman zabe a shekarar 1998 don yakin Kongo na biyu. 1999 ya kawo fari & gazawar hukuma akan wajibcin bashi na sarki.
1.4. Gyaran Kasa
Tare da durkushewar tattalin arziki da kuma bayar da shawarar gagarumin tashin hankali na siyasa, Gwamnati ta karkatar da hankalin talakawa ta hanyar fara aikin sake fasalin kasa, inda za a sake raba filayen da fararen fata suka mallaka ga manoma bakar fata. Tashe tashen hankula ya biyo bayan tashe tashen hankula, inda farar fata mazauna kasar suka fice daga kasar tare da Allah wadai da kasashen duniya suka sanya wa kasar kanta takunkumi.
Tasirin tattalin arzikin ya yi matukar muni, saboda takunkumin ya kawar da tunanin zuba jari kai tsaye daga ketare. A daya hannun kuma, noman da ake noma ya yi kasa a gwiwa, ganin yadda manoma bakar fata ba su da wata hanya ko kwarewa wajen gudanar da manyan ayyukan noma na injuna, sai suka koma noman rahusa.
Wannan saboda yawancin filaye an kama su da ƙarfi, kuma sabbin “masu mallaka” baƙar fata ba su da takaddun da suka dace don tunkarar su. bankuna don babban aiki.
1.5. Hauhawar hauhawar farashin kaya
Faduwar tattalin arzikin da aka kakabawa takunkuman da aka kakaba mata da kuma tasirin tashe-tashen hankula na sake fasalin kasa ya kara yin illa ga kudaden jama'a. Gwamnati ta dauki rancen abin da za ta iya, amma galibi ta buga kudi.
Tasirin shi ne cewa daga 2004 zuwa 2009, kasar ta fada cikin wani yanayi mai zurfi na hauhawar farashin kayayyaki tare da hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a 6,600% ta wasu alkaluma. Dalar Zimbabwe ta yi hasarar duk wani sahihanci kuma Gwamnati ta fara aiwatar da matakan sarrafa farashi. Hakan ya kara ta'azzara matsalar yayin da jama'a suka koma tsarin tattalin arziki na yau da kullun.
2. Shekaru Goma na Dala
2.1. Matakai na Farko
A shekara ta 2009, jam'iyyun siyasa uku a majalisar sun amince da kafa gwamnatin hadin kan kasa don gudanar da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki masu raɗaɗi tare da fatan cewa haɗin kan siyasa da kwanciyar hankali zai haifar da kyakkyawan yanayi don taimakawa wajen dawo da tattalin arzikin.
Matakin farko da sabuwar Gwamnati ta dauka shi ne a watan Fabrairun 2009 lokacin da suka halatta hada-hadar kudaden waje a cikin tattalin arzikin cikin gida. Tasirin shi ne cewa a watan Afrilun 2009, dalar Zimbabwe ta yi asarar duk wani abin dogaro kuma an dakatar da shi gaba daya. Dalar Amurka ta zama kuɗin hukuma don mu'amalar Gwamnati.
2.2 Tasirin Farko
Tasirin wannan yunkuri ya kasance mai inganci sosai. Haɓakar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, tsarin banki ya daidaita kuma haɓakar tattalin arziki ya fara. Koyaya, an sami sakamako mara kyau kuma:
- Jama’a sun ci gaba da rashin aminta da bankuna tare da ajiye jarinsu a cikin tsarin tattalin arzikin da ba na yau da kullun ba, wanda ya ci gaba da zama matsala ga kudaden jama’a, wanda hakan ya tilastawa Gwamnati shiga halin da ake ciki na biyan kudi.
- Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin tasiri na ƙimar riba mai girman gaske, saboda bankunan ba su da babban jari don ba da rance da taimakawa tada tartsatsin tattalin arziki.
- Yayin da dalar Amurka ta yi aiki azaman kuɗin hukuma, bai cika duk buƙatun da tsarin kuɗi ke buƙata ba. Babban daga cikin waɗannan batutuwa shine tsabar kuɗi ko matsalar ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Rashin ƙaramin canji, an tilastawa jama'a yin amfani da tsabar kudin Rand na Afirka ta Kudu. Rahotanni sun kuma bayar da shawarar sayar da kwaroron roba, lokacin isar da sako ta wayar hannu, da kayan zaki.
- Kasar dai ba ta fitar da isassun kudaden da za a rika shigo da su don ci gaban kasar ba. Don haka, jama'a, ba bisa ka'ida ba, sun fara yin mu'amala da wasu kudade, wanda ya haifar da jabun.
2.3. Ƙarin Kurakurai iri ɗaya
Bayan zaben shekara ta 2013, wanda ke fama da zargin tafka magudi, jam'iyyar Mista Robert Mugabe ta samu gagarumin rinjaye inda aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kasa. Abin takaici, kurakurai iri ɗaya sun ci gaba da:
- Manufofin da aka sa ido cikin sauri game da ƴan asalin tattalin arziki wanda duk kasuwancin dole ne su kasance mafi ƙarancin 51% mallakar baƙi, yana ƙara rashin tabbas & hana saka hannun jari;
- Sau biyu ma'aikatan gwamnati don samar da ayyukan yi a cikin yanayin da asusun gwamnati bai yarda da irin wannan alkawari ba. Sakamakon ƙarshe shine cewa bayan 'yan shekaru dole ne a yanke girman ma'aikatan gwamnati sosai.
- Yunkuri iri-iri na sake dawo da dalar Zimbabwe ba tare da wasu matakan inganta kwarin gwiwa ba. Sakamakon ya kasance mafi rashin tabbas & babban tattalin arzikin baƙar fata, tare da ci gaba da amfani da dalar Amurka a matsayin kudin hukuma.
2.4. Matsalolin Sinawa
Ba duka aka rasa ba a wannan lokacin. Gwamnatin Mugabe, a ci gaba da matsin lamba daga takunkumin da Amurka ta kakaba mata, ta nemi tallafin tattalin arziki a wasu wurare, kuma ta yi nasara zuwa wani mataki.
Wannan ya samo asali ne daga hannun jarin kasar Sin a cikin ma'adanai, aikin gona da na Zimbabwe. yawon shakatawa sassa. Sakamakon ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, tare da duk sassan 3 suna nuna ci gaba.
Koyaya, waɗannan su ne ta & manyan haɓaka ta gefe zuwa wata babbar matsala. Hasali ma, hakan ya haifar da fargabar cewa kasar za ta zama kasar Sin ta yi wa mulkin mallaka yadda ya kamata.
3. Hasken Bege
3.1. Farfadowar Tattalin Arziki Mai Kaifi
Yayin da duniya gaba daya ke cikin kulle-kulle, tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe ya sha fama da cutar sankarau. Koyaya, idan aka yi la'akari da matsayinta na mai kera kayan farko, ƙasar ta ga haɓakar arziki nan da nan.
Kamar yadda ta Bankin duniya, tattalin arzikin ya karu da 5.8% a cikin 2021 biyo bayan raguwar 6.2% a cikin 2020. Dalilan da aka gabatar sun sanya karatu mai ban sha'awa:
- Ci gaban GDP ya samu jagoranci ta hanyar farfadowa a sassan aikin gona da masana'antu. Mun san cewa sake fasalin ƙasa da gurgunta takunkumi sun lalata waɗannan sassa biyu. An nemi taimako daga Sinawa don murmurewa a nan, wanda aka sami taimakon girbi mai yawa.
- Rushewar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki saboda tsauraran manufofin kuɗi. Adadin riba mai girma & matakan manufofi sun taimaka wajen kawar da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki daga 838% a cikin 2020 zuwa 60% a cikin 2021.
- A lokaci guda kuma, Gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙarin yin rayuwa daidai da abin da ta dace ta hanyar bin manufofin kasafin kuɗi. Babu wani abin da ya wuce kima da aka yi, tare da kashe kuɗin ci gaba da ya dace da kudade.
- Mafi girman fitar da kaya & kuɗaɗen ma'aikata sun taimaka tare da daidaiton matsayin biyan kuɗi. Gabaɗaya akwai ƙarfi biyu a wasa anan. Na daya, a bayan rikicin COVID-19, tare da samar da kayayyaki na duniya ya dawo kan layi, an sami babban buƙatun kayan masarufi, musamman ma'adanai. Wannan ya taimaka tattalin arzikin Zimbabwe yayin da bukatar & farashin suka tashi. Na biyu, saboda kulle-kullen da aka yi, an kori ma’aikatan kasashen waje sun zabi komawa gida, don haka adadin kudin da aka tura ya yi yawa.
- isassun matakan rigakafin cutar coronavirus sun ba da damar tattalin arzikin ya yi aiki ba tare da buƙatar rushewa daga kulle-kulle ba. Har ila yau, Sinawa sun kasance masu taimako da karimci a nan.
3.2. Darussa
A cikin tarihinta, da alama masu mulkin Zimbabwe sun kalubalanci tunanin al'ada. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga sha'awar masu rike da madafun iko na su tsawaita mulkinsu ta hanyar cin moriyar jama'a. Mafi munin sashe shi ne cewa tunanin juyin juya hali da ya wanzu a cikin shekarun 1970 yana ci gaba da cin zarafi ga sakamako mai tsanani.
Dauki, alal misali, kyautar 1997 ga mayaƙan yaƙi. Maimakon su mika wuya ga bukatunsu, da zai yi kyau a kira sabon zabe don batutuwa irin wadannan da za a tsunduma a cikin wani babban zance na siyasa.
Haka yake ga rashin ba da shawara & rashin aiwatar da gyaran ƙasa. Mafi kyawun ra'ayi da zai kasance a kafa ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar da za su karfafa haɗin gwiwar mallakar filaye tare da barin hanyoyin noma na zamani na ci gaba.
Hakazalika, warewar duniya da gwamnati ta yi maraba da ita kamar wata lambar girmamawa. Gaskiyar magana ita ce, da ba don Sinawa ba, da sun tarwatse zuwa yakin basasa mai tsanani.
Bugu da ƙari, ƙaddamar da wannan post ɗin ba sharhin siyasa bane. Duk da haka, babu ja da baya lokacin da aka bayyana cewa bai kamata siyasa ta rinjayi yanke shawarar tattalin arziki ba. Yanke shawara mai kyau da ke cikin ka'idar tattalin arziki ya nuna sakamakonsa a cikin shekara guda kawai ga Zimbabwe. Wannan babban zargi ne akan wadanda suke tafiyar da tattalin arzikin a baya.
3.3. Gaba
Duk da yake labarin da ke fitowa daga Zimbabwe ya kasance mai inganci har zuwa ƙarshen, akwai haɗarin haɗari da suka rage. Ko da yaushe, yayin da ƙananan tasirin tushe ya ɓace, ci gaban GDP zai ragu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
A sa'i daya kuma, hawan keken kayayyaki na yanzu da sakamakon koma bayan tattalin arziki zai sake yin tasiri ga bukatar fitar da kasar zuwa ketare tare da matsa lamba kan farfadowar da ke cikin mawuyacin hali. Kasar ta ci gaba da dogaro da Sinawa a matsayin babbar abokiyar huldar cinikayya da zuba jari, kuma keɓanta da ke tsakaninta da ƙasa da ƙasa ba ta da iyaka.
- Sabbin alkaluman hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki - Bankin Reserve na Zimbabwe
Abin da ake bukata shi ne Zimbabwe ta tabbatar da cewa ba za su ci gaba da maimaita kurakuran da aka yi a baya ba.
Har ya zuwa yau, babu wani koma baya ga kudin kasa saboda gibin amana da ke mulki.
Ana buƙatar sake samun wannan amana. Idan ba haka ba, bala'in tattalin arzikin da dan Adam ya yi zai ci gaba.
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