Kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvitoro munhu anogona kutengesa-mukati, muIndia. A stock ndiyo itemu yemubatanidzwa yemasheya.
Chikamu chimwe chete chemasheya chinomiririra muridzi wekambani muzvikamu.
Kuwanda kwaunobata masheya ekambani, ndiko kunowedzera chikamu chako kana muridzi wekambani.
Aya masheya anonyanya kutengeswa pamisika miviri yemasheya muIndia, iyo National Stock Exchange uye Bombay Stock Exchange.
Makambani anonyora masheya avo kekutanga anozviita mumusika wekutanga. Nekudaro, iyo yechipiri musika inobvumira vanoisa mari kutenga nekutengesa migove yemakambani atonyorwa kare.
Masheya emuIndia akaiswa mumapoka zvichienderana ne7 akasiyana maficha. Aya maitiro nde-
Zvichienderana nestock class/kodzero dzekuvhota:
Iyi kupatsanurwa kunoenderana nekodzero dzekuvhota dzevanemasheya.
- Mamwe masheya haapi vane masheya simba rekuvhota pamusangano wepagore. Nekudaro, ivo havana chekutaura mukutonga sarudzo.
- Ipo mamwe masheya achibvumira vanogovana kutora chikamu mukuita sarudzo zvizere.
Vane kodzero dzekuvhota dzakakodzera, uye pfungwa dzavo dzine basa vasati vatora chero sarudzo yehutungamiriri.
Semuyenzaniso, Tata Motors, Pantaloons Retail India, ese masheya ekambani aya anopa vagovani vavo kodzero dzekuvhota.
- Mamwe masheya zvakare anobvumira vagovani kukanda mavhoti akawanda mune dzakasiyana nyaya dzekambani.
Zvichienderana nemitengo
Mamwe masheya akaiswa mumapoka zvichienderana nemitengo. Dzinotsamira pakufamba kwemitengo yemasheya kana kupikisa mihoro yekambani.
Kune marudzi maviri makuru ezvitoro zvakadaro -
- Defensive stocks: Aya mastock haanyanye kunetseka nehupfumi uye / kana mamiriro emari.
Ivo vanotariswa kana musika uri muchikamu chebheya, kureva, yakaderera kana murombo. Semuenzaniso, makambani ezvekudya nezvinwiwa anowira pasi pechikamu ichi.
- Cyclical stocks: Mashizha ekambani anokanganiswa zvakanyanya nehupfumi hwenyika uye/kana mamiriro emari anoona kuchinjika kukuru nekuchinja kwemusika. Aya ndiwo ma cyclical stocks.
Aya masheya anokura nekukurumidza munguva yeboom, uye kukura kwavo kunononoka muhupfumi hushoma.
Saka, tinogona kutaura kuti vanoshanda mukuwirirana nemamiriro ehupfumi. Zvitoro zvemotokari muenzaniso wezvikamu zvechikamu ichi.
Kubva pakubhadharwa kwedividend:
Kugovaniswa chikamu chepurofiti yakagovaniswa nekambani kune vanogovanisa vayo. Dzimwe nguva yakakwirira, dzimwe nguva yakaderera.
Dzimwe nguva inogadziriswa, uye dzimwe nguva zvinoenderana nepurofiti yegore.
- Kukura kwemasheya: Mumwe anodyara mumasheya aya kuti abatsirwe kubva mukudzoreredza mukambani. Havabhadhare mibairo mikuru. Nekudaro, iyo reinvestment inobvumira kambani kukura nekukurumidza; saka, zita.
Kukosha kwemashares kunokurawo nekukurumidza nekukura kwekambani. Inobvumira vatengesi kuwana purofiti kuburikidza nekudzoka kwakakwirira (kureva mutsauko pakati pemutengo wavakatenga chikamu nemutengo uripo wemugove).
Yakanyatsokodzera kune vanoisa mari vanotsvaga kwenguva refu kukura kukura. Ivo vari kutsvaga iko kwekukurumidza kwekuwana mari kana mari yekungoita chete havafanire kuvimba zvakanyanya nezvikamu izvi.
Vanotakurawo njodzi huru kupfuura vamwe.
- Income stocks: Aya masheya anobhadhara chikamu chepamusoro kana chichienzaniswa nekukura kwemasheya.
Mugove wepamusoro unoguma nemari yepamusoro, saka, zita.
Izvi zvinopihwa nekambani yakagadzikana inokwanisa kuwana mibairo inowirirana. Asi makambani aya zvakare haape zvakanyanya kukura mune ramangwana.
Aya mastock ikudyara kwakanaka kune chero munhu ari kutsvaga yechipiri sosi yemari.
Mari yekugovaniswa haina mutero uye yakanakira kune vane njodzi-vanovenga investimendi.
Kubva pamusika capitalization:
Musika capitalization yechero kambani imari yayo yese.
Kuverengera kwacho kuri nekuwanza mutengo wemasheya wekambani nenhamba yese yezvikamu zvasara pamusika.
Aya ndiwo matatu makuru marudzi emasheya akavakirwa pamusika capitalization -
- Mahombe-cap stocks: Aya ndiwo mastock emabhizinesi akasimbiswa ane matura makuru emari.
Iwo makambani eblue-chip uye ane mukurumbira. Mastock aya anouya nerubatsiro rwekukohwa mibairo yepamusoro.
ICICI Bank, Bharti Airtel, uye Coal India mimwe mienzaniso yemahombe-cap stock muIndia.
- Mid-cap stocks: Aya ndiwo mastock emakambani epakati nepakati.
Vane chikamu chemusika che INR 250 crore kusvika INR 4,000 crore.
Aya makambani ane hukuru hwekukura uye zita rinozivikanwa mumusika.
Relaxo Footwears nePolycab India ndezvimwe zvepakati-cap stocks munhu anogona kutengesa-mukati.
Pazasi pane rondedzero yepamusoro-inoita yepakati uye hombe-cap stocks muna 2020-21.
- Madiki-cap stocks: Aya masheya ane saizi diki pamusika.
Nekudaro, izvi hazvireve kuti havagone kudarika mahombe-cap stocks. Zvirokwazvo vanogona!
Saizi yekambani chete idiki, iine capitalization yemusika inosvika INR 250 crore.
Kana iwe uri mumwe munhu ari kutsvaga kuzvipira kwenguva refu asina zvimwe zvazvino zvibodzwa zvekugovaniswa, madiki-cap stocks ndeako.
Ivo vane mukana wakanaka wekukura uye vanopupurira zvakakosha budiriro pakati pekusagadzikana kwemutengo. Makambani aya matsva pamusika.
Bajaj Consumer Care yakanaka diki-cap stock kune investor ari kutsvaga kukura kwenguva refu uye zvingango wanikwa.
Kubva pauridzi:
Kune marudzi matatu emastock akavakirwa pavaridzi, ayo anopa vatengesi kodzero dzakasiyana uye mukana wekukura mukufamba kwenguva.
- Zvitoro zvinofarirwa uye zvakajairika: Zvitoro zvinofarirwa zvinopa vanoisa mari mari yakatarwa gore rega rega, zvisinei nepurofiti yavo. Zvigadzirwa zvakajairika, zvisinei, kune rumwe rutivi, hazvipi mugove wakagadzika gore negore.
Mutengo wekusagadzikana mumatokisi anosarudzwa ishoma pane mune zvakajairika. Mastock akajairika anogara achiwana bhenefiti pane zvakakosha pese kana kambani iine yakawanda yakasara yekubvisa.
Vabati vezvitoro vane kodzero dzekuvhota; zvisinei, varidzi vemasheya vanosarudzwa havadaro.
Preference shares akapatsanurwazve muzvikamu zvitatu -
- Cumulative preference shares: Vanopa muridzi kodzero kune ese madividendi akadzika pasi munguva yakapfuura. Nenzira iyi, mugovani haatomborasikirwa nemugove wake wezvikamu.
- Zvisiri-cumulative zvido zvinogovera: Sezvinoratidzwa nezita, migove iyi haiunganidzi zvikamu. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti pundutso idzi dzinobuda mupurofiti yekambani yegore razvino. Nekudaro, migove yakasarudzika kana ukarasikirwa haisi yekufanirwa kutaurwa mumakore anotevera.
- Zvigova zvinokwanisika kuregererwa: Aya magove ane sarudzo inobatika. Kambani inogona kudzikinura purofiti iyi gare gare. Kambani inofanopedzisa mutengo wavanotenga nawo masheya.
- Hybrid stocks: Mamwe makambani anopa migove yaanofarira pamwe nesarudzo yekuashandura kuita masheya akajairika gare gare.
Izvi zvinosanganisira mamwe mamiriro, senge reshiyo yekutendeuka ichaiswa nekambani pachayo.
Vanodaidzwawo kuti convertible preferred stocks, uye dzimwe nguva vane kodzero dzekuvhota uye dzimwe nguva havana.
Mastock ane embedded derivative sarudzo: Mastock akadaro haawanzo kuwanikwa uye anogona 'callable' kana 'putable'.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti stockable stock ine sarudzo yekutenga yakatengwazve nekambani nekukasira, kune imwe mutengo pane imwe nguva nenguva.
Nekudaro, stock inoiswa inopa muridzi wayo kuti atengese kukambani chero nguva nenguva, pane imwe mutengo.
Kubva pane zvakakosha:
Vazhinji vatengesi vanotenda kuti mutengo wemugove unofanirwa kuenzana ne kukosha kwemukati yemugove.
Iko kukosha kwemukati kwechero mugove ndiko kukosha kwechinangwa cheasset, kureva, stock.
Migove yakadai ndeyemhando mbiri -
- Masheya akawandisa: Aya masheya anopfuura kukosha kwemukati uye nekudaro anoonekwa seakanyanya kukosha.
- Zvikamu zvisingakoshi: Kana mutengo wemusika wechero uri pasi peukoshi hwawo hwemukati, iko kushomeka kwemugove. Aya ndiwo akanaka kutenga!
Kubva panjodzi:
Kuva nengozi kwechitoro zvakanyanya kunoenderana nekushanduka kwemutengo wayo. Iwo mastock anoshanduka ane njodzi, uye ayo asina akachengeteka zvakaringana.
Nekudaro, masheya e riskier anopa kudzoka kwakakwira kune vanoisa mari uye masheya, ayo ane njodzi yakaderera, anounza kudzoka kwakaderera.
Wese investor imwe yemhando mbiri. Mumwe mutyairi ane njodzi-averse asingadi kutora njodzi dzakawanda uye anoda kuisa mari mumari yakachengeteka.
Havadi madzoro akakwirira asi madzoro akatsiga.
Kune rimwe divi, vamwe vanoisa mari vane havi yengozi huru uye vakagadzirira kuisa mari muzvitoro zvine njodzi. Ivo vanobudirira pakuwana zvakanyanya kudzoka kubva mumasheya iwayo uye havanetseki nekurasikirwa zvakanyanya.
Zvichienderana neizvi, masheya akaiswa pasi apa -
- Beta stocks: The Beta inonziwo mwero wengozi. Iwe unowana beta nekuverenga kushanduka kwemutengo westock/share.
Kana iyo beta yakanaka, zvinoreva kuti stock iri kufamba mukuwirirana nemusika. Kana iyo beta isiri iyo, zvinoreva kuti stock iri kufamba ichipokana nayo. Iyo yakanyanya beta, inowedzera njodzi.
Kana iyo beta kukosha ikabuda kuva inodarika 1, inoreva njodzi yakakura uye kuti masheya ari kushanduka zvakanyanya mumusika.
Vagadziri vane ruzivo rwebeta vanoita sarudzo zvinoenderana.
- Blue-chip stocks: Aya ndiwo masheya ekambani ane chikwereti chakaderera uye mibairo yakagadzikana.
Aya ndiwo makambani anozivikanwa uye haana njodzi yekuisa mari mukati. Vanobhadharawo migove yenguva dzose, saka yakakodzera kune investor anotsvaga anogara achiwana mari yechipiri.
Aya makambani ibheti yakanakisa kune vanhu vanotsvaga nzira dzakachengeteka dzekudyara nemafemu ane ruzha uye akagadzikana mune zvemari.
Chiverengwa:
Isu takadzidza akati wandei emhando dzemasheya pamusoro, izvo zvinoratidza kuti kune marudzi emasheya eese marudzi e investor pamusika.
Vanhu vari kutsvaga kudyara kwenguva yakareba, kwenguva pfupi, vatengesi vari kutsvaga njodzi yakanyanya uye njodzi yakaderera, vatengesi vanoda nzvimbo yakagadzikana yemari yechipiri uye vanoisa mari vasina hanya zvakanyanya neyakagadzika migove.
Hazvina mhosva kuti ndeupi rudzi rwe investor iwe, ane hasha kana akapusa, pane zvakawanda zvingasarudzwa mumusika wemasheya kuti iwe usarudze kubva.
Kune akawanda masanganiswa emastock ane akasiyana mapros uye cons ayo anobatsira iwe uye ane mukana wemutengo.
Zvinoenderana nekukodzera kwako uye zvauri kutarisa, unogona kutarisa masheya akasiyana uye kuisa mari mazviri uchifunga nezve njodzi yako yekudya uye zvinangwa zvemari!
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