Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zesitokhwe umntu anokurhweba ngazo, eIndiya. Isitokhwe ngokwesiseko lixesha elidityanisiweyo lezabelo.
Isabelo esinye sesitokhwe simele ubunini beshishini ngokwemiqathango yamacandelo.
Okukhona usibambise isitokhwe enkampanini, kokukhona siphezulu isabelo sakho okanye ubunini kwinkampani.
Ezi zitokhwe zithengiswa ikakhulu kurhwebo lwesitokhwe ezimbini eIndiya, i National Stock Exchange kunye neBombay Stock Exchange.
Iinkampani ezidwelisa izabelo zazo okokuqala ziyenza kwimarike yokuqala. Nangona kunjalo, imarike yesibini ivumela abatyali-mali ukuba bathenge kwaye bathengise izabelo zeenkampani esele zifakwe kuluhlu.
Izabelo eIndiya zihlelwa ngokwemiba esi-7 eyahlukeneyo. Le miba yile -
Ngokusekwe kwiiklasi zesitokhwe/amalungelo okuvota:
Olu luhlu lusekwe kumalungelo okuvota abaninizabelo.
- Ezinye izitokhwe aziniki abaninizabelo amandla okuvota kwintlanganiso yonyaka. Ngenxa yoko, abanalo ilizwi kwizigqibo zolawulo.
- Ngelixa ezinye izitokhwe zivumela abaninizabelo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zezigqibo ngokupheleleyo.
Banamalungelo afanelekileyo okuvota, kwaye izimvo zabo zibalulekile phambi kokuthatha nasiphi na isigqibo solawulo.
Umzekelo, iTata Motors, iPantaloons Retail India, zombini ezi zitokhwe zenkampani zibonelela abanini-zabelo ngamalungelo okuvota.
- Ezinye izitokhwe zikwavumela abaninizabelo ukuba benze iivoti ezininzi kwimiba eyahlukeneyo yenkampani.
Ngokusekelwe kwiintsingiselo zamaxabiso:
Ezinye izitokhwe zihlelwa ngokusekelwe kwiintsingiselo zexabiso. Zixhomekeke ekuhambeni kwamaxabiso esitokhwe kunye okanye ngokuchasene nemivuzo yenkampani.
Kukho iintlobo ezi-2 eziphambili zezitokhwe ezinjalo-
- Izitokhwe ezikhuselayo: Ezi zitokhwe zininzi azikhathazwanga yimeko yezoqoqosho kunye / okanye yezemali.
Ziqwalaselwa xa imarike ikwisigaba sebhere, oko kukuthi, iphantsi okanye ihlwempu. Umzekelo, iinkampani zokutya neziselo ziwela phantsi kolu didi.
- I-Cyclical stocks: Izitokhwe zenkampani ezichatshazelwa kakhulu yimeko yezoqoqosho kunye/okanye yezemali yelizwe zibona ukuguquguquka okuphezulu kunye notshintsho lwemarike. Ezi zizitokhwe zebhayisikile.
Ezi zitokhwe zikhula ngokukhawuleza ngexesha le-boom, kwaye ukukhula kwazo kuhamba kancinci kuqoqosho olucothayo.
Ke, sinokuthi basebenza ngokuhambelana neemeko zoqoqosho. Izitokhwe zemoto ngumzekelo wolu didi lwesitokhwe.
Ngokusekelwe kwintlawulo yesahlulo:
Isabelo ngokusisiseko sisabelo senzuzo esisasazwa yinkampani kubanini-zabelo bayo. Ngamanye amaxesha iphezulu, ngamanye amaxesha iphantsi.
Ngamanye amaxesha kulungiswa, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kuxhomekeke kwinzuzo yonyaka.
- Izitokhwe zokukhula: Umntu utyala imali kwezi zitokhwe ukuze azuze kwi-investment kwinkampani. Abahlawuli zabelo eziphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, utyalo-mali luvumela inkampani ukuba ikhule ngokukhawuleza; kungoko, igama.
Ixabiso lezabelo nalo likhula ngokukhawuleza ngesantya sokukhula kwenkampani. Ivumela abatyali-mali ukuba benze inzuzo ngembuyekezo ephezulu (oko kukuthi umahluko phakathi kwexabiso abathenge ngalo isabelo kunye nexabiso langoku lesabelo).
Ifaneleka kakhulu kubatyali-mali abafuna ixesha elide Ukukhula okunokubakho. Abo bafuna umthombo okhawulezileyo wengeniso okanye ingeniso yengeniso akufuneki baxhomekeke kakhulu kwezi zabelo.
Bakwanomngcipheko ophezulu kunabanye.
- Izitokhwe zengeniso: Ezi zitokhwe zihlawula i-dividend ephezulu xa kuthelekiswa nokukhula kwempahla.
Ingeniso ephezulu iphumela kwingeniso ephezulu, ngenxa yoko, igama.
Ezi zinikezelwa yinkampani ezinzileyo ekwazi ukufumana izabelo ezihambelanayo. Kodwa ezi nkampani nazo aziboneleli ngokukhula okuphezulu kakhulu kwixesha elizayo.
Ezi zitokhwe lutyalo-mali olulungileyo kuye nabani na okhangela umthombo wesibini womvuzo.
Ingeniso yesahlulo ayirhafiswa kwaye inkulu kubatyali-mali abachase umngcipheko.
Ngokusekwe kwimalike enkulu:
I-capitalization yemalike yayo nayiphi na inkampani sisonke sezabelo zayo.
Ukubalwa kwayo kukuphindaphinda ixabiso lesitokhwe sangoku senkampani kunye nenani lilonke lezabelo ezingekahlawulwa kwimarike.
Ezi ntlobo ze-3 eziphambili zeesitokhwe ezisekelwe kwi-capitalisation market -
- Izitokhwe ezinkulu: Ezi zizitokhwe zamashishini asekiweyo anovimba omkhulu wemali.
Ziinkampani zeblue-chip kwaye zidume kakhulu. Ezi zitokhwe ziza kunye nenzuzo yokuvuna izabelo eziphezulu.
IBhanki ye-ICICI, iBharti Airtel, kunye ne-Coal India zeminye imizekelo yesitokhwe esikhulu eIndiya.
- I-Mid-cap stocks: Ezi zizitokhwe zeenkampani ezinobungakanani obuphakathi.
Bane-market cap ye-INR 250 yecrore ukuya kwi-INR 4,000 yecrore.
Ezi nkampani zinokukhula okuphezulu kunye negama elaziwayo kwimarike.
I-Relaxo Footwears kunye ne-Polycab India zezinye ze-stock-cap ephakathi umntu anokurhweba ngazo.
Apha ngezantsi kukho uluhlu lwezitokhwe ezikumgangatho ophakathi kunye nezikhulu ezinkulu ngo-2020-21.
- Izitokhwe ezincinci: Ezi zitokhwe zinesayizi encinci kwimarike.
Nangona kunjalo, oku akuthethi ukuba abanako ukugqwesa ii-stocks ezinkulu. Ngokuqinisekileyo banako!
Kuphela isayizi yenkampani incinci, inemali yentengiso ukuya kuthi ga kwi-INR 250 yecrore.
Ukuba ungumntu ojonge ukwenza ixesha elide ngaphandle kokuba neenjongo ezithile zezahlulo zangoku, izitokhwe ezincinci zezakho.
Banethuba elihle lokukhula kwaye babone iinzuzo ezibalulekileyo phakathi kokuguquguquka kwexabiso. Ezi nkampani zintsha kwimarike.
I-Bajaj Consumer Care sisitokhwe esilungileyo esincinci somtyali-mali ojonge ukukhula kwexesha elide kunye neenzuzo ezinokubakho.
Ngokusekwe kubunini:
Kukho iintlobo ezi-3 zesitokhwe ezisekelwe kubunini, ezibonelela abatyali-mali ngamalungelo ahlukeneyo kunye namandla okukhula kwixesha elide.
- Izitokhwe ezikhethwayo neziqhelekileyo: Izitokhwe ezikhethwayo zinika abatyali-mali isixa esimiselweyo sesahlulo minyaka le, kungakhathaliseki inzuzo yabo. Izitokhwe eziqhelekileyo, nangona kunjalo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, aziboneleli ngesahlulo esisisigxina minyaka yonke.
Ukuguquguquka kwexabiso kwii-stocks ezikhethiweyo kuncinci kunezitokhwe eziqhelekileyo. Izitokhwe eziqhelekileyo zihlala zifumana inzuzo ngokuphambili nanini na xa inkampani inentsalela eninzi yokukhutshwa.
Abaninimasheya abaqhelekileyo banamalungelo okuvota; nangona kunjalo, abanini bempahla abakhethiweyo abafuni.
Izabelo ezikhethwayo ziphinde zohlulwe zibe ziindidi ezi-3 -
- Izabelo ezikhethwayo ezongezelelekileyo: Zinika umnini ilungelo kuzo zonke izabelo ezithe zahla kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ngale ndlela, umnini-sabelo akaze aphulukane nesabelo sakhe sezabelo.
- Izabelo ezikhethwayo ezinganyukiyo: Njengoko igama libonisa, ezi zabelo aziqokeleli izabelo. Oku kungenxa yokuba ezi ngeniso ziphuma kwingeniso yenkampani ekhoyo kulo nyaka. Ke ngoko, izabelo ezishiyekileyo kwimeko yokulahlekelwa ayililo ibango elicingelwayo kwiminyaka ezayo.
- Izabelo ezikhethwayo ezinokuhlawuleka: Ezi zabelo zinokhetho olunokufowuna. Inkampani inokukhupha ezi ngeniso kamva. Inkampani igqibezela ixabiso ezithenga ngalo kwakhona izabelo.
- Izitokhwe zeHybrid: Ezinye iinkampani zibonelela ngezabelo ezikhethiweyo kunye nokukhetha ukuziguqula zibe zizitokhwe eziqhelekileyo kamva.
Ezi zibandakanya iimeko ezithile, ezinjengomlinganiselo wokuguqulwa oza kumiselwa yinkampani ngokwayo.
Zikwabizwa ngokuba zizitokhwe ezikhethiweyo eziguqulwayo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha banamalungelo okuvota kwaye ngamanye amaxesha abanawo.
Izitokhwe ezinokhetho olufakelweyo lokuphuma: Ezo zitokhwe aziqhelekanga ukufumaneka kwaye 'ziyabizelwa' okanye 'zinokubekwa'.
Oku kuthetha ukuba isitokhwe esinokubiza sinokukhetha ukuthenga kwakhona yinkampani ngokukhawuleza, ngexabiso elithile ngexesha elithile.
Nangona kunjalo, isitokhwe esibekekayo sinikezela umnini wayo ukuba ayithengise kwinkampani nangaliphi na ixesha, ngexabiso elithile.
Ngokusekelwe kwiziseko:
Abatyali-mali abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ixabiso lesabelo kufuneka lilingane ne xabiso lwangaphakathi yesabelo.
Ixabiso elingaphakathi laso nasiphi na isabelo lixabiso lenjongo ye-asethi, okt, isitokhwe.
Ezo zabelo zizintlobo ezi-2 -
- Izabelo ezixabisa ngaphezulu kwexabiso: Ezi stocks ziyalidlula ixabiso elingaphakathi kwaye kungoko zithathwa njengexabiso eligqithisileyo.
- Izabelo ezingaxabisekanga: Xa naliphi na ixabiso lesabelo kwimarike lingaphantsi kwexabiso laso elingaphakathi, kukungaxabiseki kwesabelo. Oku kukuthenga okulungileyo!
Ngokusekelwe kumngcipheko:
Ubungozi besitokhwe buxhomekeke kakhulu ekuguquguqukeni kwexabiso layo. Izitokhwe eziguquguqukayo zinobungozi, kwaye ezo zingakhuselekanga ngokufanelekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, izitokhwe ezinobungozi zinika imbuyekezo ephezulu kubatyalo-mali kunye nezitokhwe, ezinomngcipheko ophantsi, zivelisa imbuyekezo ephantsi.
Wonke umtyali-mali yenye yezi ntlobo zimbini. Omnye ngumtyali-mali onobungozi ongafuni ukuthatha imingcipheko emininzi kwaye ufuna ukutyalomali kwiimali ezikhuselekileyo.
Abafuni imbuyekezo ephezulu kodwa imbuyekezo ezinzileyo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye abatyali-mali banomngcipheko ophezulu wokutya kwaye balungele ukutyalomali kwiimpahla ezinobungozi. Bayaphumelela ekufumaneni imbuyekezo eninzi kwezo zitokhwe kwaye ungakhathazeki ngokulahlekelwa kakhulu.
Ngokusekwe koku, izitokhwe zihlelwa ngolu hlobo lungezantsi-
- Izitokhwe zeBeta: I beta ukwabizwa ngokuba ngumlinganiselo womngcipheko. Ufumana i-beta ngokubala ukuguquguquka kwexabiso lesitokhwe/isabelo.
Ukuba i-beta ilungile, ithetha ukuba isitokhwe sihamba ngokuhambelana nemarike. Ukuba i-beta ayinayo, oko kuthetha ukuba isitokhwe sihamba ngokuchasene nayo. Okukhona iphezulu i-beta, kokukhona umngcipheko uphezulu.
Ukuba ixabiso le-beta liphuma ngaphezu kwe-1, libonisa umngcipheko ophezulu kwaye isitokhwe siguquguquka kakhulu kwimarike.
Abatyali-mali abanolwazi lwe-beta benza izigqibo ngokufanelekileyo.
- I-Blue-chip stocks: Ezi zezo zitokhwe zenkampani ezinobutyala obuphantsi kunye nemivuzo ezinzileyo.
Ezi ziinkampani eziqondwa kakuhle kwaye azikho mngcipheko kakhulu wotyalo-mali. Kwakhona bahlawula izabelo eziqhelekileyo, ngoko ke kufanelekile ukuba umtyalo-mali ukhangele umthombo oqhelekileyo wengeniso yesibini.
Ezi nkampani lubhejo olumangalisayo lwabantu abafuna iindlela ezikhuselekileyo zotyalo-mali ngeefemu ezivakalayo nezizinzileyo kwezemali.
UKUQINISWA:
Sifunde iintlobo ezininzi zesitokhwe apha ngasentla, nto leyo engqina ukuba kukho iindidi zesitokhwe kulo lonke uhlobo lomtyali-mali kwimarike.
Abantu abafuna ukutyalomali ixesha elide, ixesha elifutshane, abatyali-mali abafuna umngcipheko ophezulu kunye nomngcipheko ophantsi, abatyali-mali abafuna umthombo ozinzileyo wengeniso yesibini kunye nabatyali-mali abangakhathaliyo malunga nezahlulo ezisisigxina.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba uluhlobo luni lomtyali-mali, unobundlongondlongo okanye unobuqhophololo, kukho izinto ezininzi onokukhetha kuzo kwi-stock market onokuthi ukhethe kuzo.
Kukho indibaniselwano ezininzi zesitokhwe ezineenzuzo ezahlukeneyo kunye neengozi ezikuncedayo kwaye ube nethuba leendleko.
Ngokuhambelana nokufaneleka kwakho kunye nento ojonge kuyo, unokujonga izitokhwe ezahlukeneyo kwaye utyale imali kuzo ngokuqwalasela umngcipheko wakho wokutya kunye neenjongo zemali!
Shiya iMpendulo