Ukubhankisha akusebenzi ngokuboleka imali!
Ndiqinisekile ngewuyivile le ngxelo. Nkqu nabaphezulu bezoqoqosho njengoProf. Hyman Minsky bathetha ngenkqubo yokusebenza kweebhanki kwaye bachaza ngokucacileyo ukuba iiBhanki azibolekisi ngemali. Kuvakala ukubhidanisa, akunjalo?
Ngokutsho kweencwadi zendabuko kwi-economics introduction, iibhanki zimelwe njengabalamli bezemali abanomsebenzi wabo oyintloko ukudibanisa ababoleki kubagcini.
Ngamazwi alula, iibhanki aziyonto ngaphandle kokuba ngabalamleli kuqoqosho oluphuhlayo lwanamhlanje.
Yonke inkqubo yebhanki ijikeleza kwingxowa-mali ebandakanya umntu orholayo ohlawulwa ngaphezu kweemfuno zesiqhelo zokusetyenziswa, ofaka imali eyongezelelweyo kwibhanki esele imisiwe. Oku kwaziwa njengendawo yokugcina imali.
Ngale mali, ibhanki iboleka abo umvuzo wabo ungaphantsi kwemfuneko eqhelekileyo yokusetyenziswa. Ngoko ke, iibhanki zisebenza kwinkqubo yogcino lwebhanki, apho iibhanki ziboleka ngaphezu kwesambuku esidipozithiweyo.
Kodwa kuthekani ukuba ndithi iibhanki zenza imali eninzi xa ziboleka?
Ewe, esi sisiphumo sokuphindaphinda imali esonyusa umjikelo wemali.
Sithetha ngokuboleka imali, namhlanje sixoxa ngendlela esebenza ngayo ibhanki enguvimba xa ingaboleki imali.
Ngoko, masiqale!
Isebenza Njani IBhanki?
Kucacile ukusuka ngasentla ukuba ukuboleka kwebhanki enguvimba kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kubungakanani beedipozithi zabathengi. Kwaye ukuze kunyuswe umda wokuboleka imali, iibhanki kufuneka zitsale abathengi abaninzi kwiidiphozithi ezintsha.
Ngale nto, kunokutshiwo ngokulula ukuba iidiphozithi zidala iimali-mboleko.
Inkqubo yokuboleka imali yebhanki isebenza kwithiyori yokuphindaphinda imali, esebenza ngokufana nefractional reserve banking. Apha, kuphela iqhezu lemali egciniweyo kufuneka ibanjwe ngemali okanye ifakwe kwi-akhawunti yebhanki yorhwebo kwibhanki ephakathi.
Esi sixa-mali simiselwa ngokweemfuno zogcino, isixa saso sokubuyelana sigqalwa njengesiphindaphindeka sogcino oluyimali yokuboleka kwebhanki.
Ngoko ke, ukuba imfuno yogcino ichazwe njenge-10% kwaye i-multiplier yayo ilishumi, iibhanki zinokuboleka ngokuphindwe kashumi ngaphezu koovimba.
Enye into echaphazela amandla ebhanki yokuboleka imali ngumgaqo-mali webhanki enguvimba, ogqibezela isigqibo sokunyuka okanye ukuhla kwexabiso lokugcina. Nangona kunjalo, ngegunya elikhethiweyo lomgaqo-nkqubo wemali kunye nothintelo lokunyusa uvimba, ekuphela kwendlela yokuba iibhanki zonyuse umthamo wazo wokuboleka imali kukuqinisekisa idiphozithi entsha.
Kwaye njengoko sisazi, iimali-mboleko zenziwa ngeedipozithi, okuthetha ukuba iibhanki zidinga imali yabathengi ukuze ziqhubeke neemali-mboleko.
IQhinga leMali-mboleko yeBhanki
Ngamazwi alula, iibhanki zivame ukwenza imali eninzi xa ziboleka, nto leyo eyandisa umjikelo wemali.
Iibhanki ziyaziwa ukuba zinelungelo lokukhupha iimali-mboleko ezinikwe ngurhulumente ngaphandle kokukhusela idiphozithi kwindawo yokuqala. Imali ebolekwayo yeebhanki igqitywe ngummiselo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yebhanki ephakathi.
Nangona kunjalo, ibhanki ephakathi ikwayalela iibhanki zorhwebo ukuba zibambe isixa esithile semali eyimali, enokuba yimali okanye nantoni na enokuthengiswa ngokukhawuleza ngokunxulumene nemboleko ekhutshwe ngaphambili.
Ukudalwa kwemali ngeeBhanki
Isicwangciso sokuboleka iibhanki siyaziwa ngokudala imali, ephuma ikakhulu kwizinto ezimbini. Zezi:
Ukungena kabini kwiAkhawuntingi
Kule ndlela, ukudala ii-asethi ezintsha zemboleko, ibhanki idinga ukudalwa kwetyala elilinganayo. Oku kuba yidiphozithi entsha ebhankini eyenziwe yimali mboleko entsha.
Ngokomzekelo, masithi ibhanki iboleka i-Rs.100 kubathengi bayo, ngoko iya kudala i-asethi entsha yemali mboleko exabisa i-INR 100, eyidiphozithi entsha.
Umlinganiselo kunye nenkcazo yemali
Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokwenza imali:
- Imali esisiseko: Idalwe yiBhanki Ephakathi (imali kunye noovimba bebhanki).
- Imali ebanzi: Iyilwe licandelo laBucala, elibala kwimilinganiselo yobonelelo lwemali.
Inxalenye enkulu yemali esetyenziswa ngabantu imihla ngemihla yimali ebanzi. Umzekelo, xa umqeshi edlulisela umvuzo wakho ngqo kwiakhawunti yakho yebhanki, yimali ebanzi. Ngokufanayo, xa uhlawula nayiphi na i-mortgage, yimali ebanzi. Imali ithathwa njengesiseko semali kuphela xa usebhankini.
Ngaphandle kweebhanki, ikhadi lamatyala Iimanyano zikwabonelela ngeemali-mboleko kwaye zenze idiphozithi ngababini. Sekunjalo, benza kuphela "ikhredithi," kungekhona "imali," njengoko iidiphozithi zabo zingabalwa kwi-M1 (imali encinci kunye nobuninzi be-liquidity kunye nokukhululeka kwiintengiselwano). Nangona kunjalo, abathengi banokusebenzisa ikhredithi ekuthengeni njengoko ilinganisa imali.
Izixhobo zoMgaqo-nkqubo weMali weBhanki ePhakamileyo
Ukuboleka kweebhanki kuxhomekeke kumgaqo wolawulo-mali weebhanki. Kukho ikakhulu ezine izixhobo zomgaqo-nkqubo wezeMali weBhanki Enkulu. Zezi:
IiMfuno zokuGcina
Ibhekisa kwisixa semali ekufuneka igcinwe ziibhanki. Igcinwa mhlawumbi kwiivaults okanye kwii-akhawunti zebhanki zorhwebo kwibhanki enguvimba. Iimfuno zoovimba abaphantsi zibonisa ukuba iibhanki ziboleka ngaphezulu, ezaziwa ngokuba ngumgaqo-nkqubo wokwandiswa kwemali, njengoko kudala ikhredithi.
Ngelixa iimfuno eziphezulu zokugcinwa kweebhanki zibonisa ukuba iibhanki ziboleka imali encinci, eyaziwa ngokuba ngumgaqo-nkqubo wemali wokunqanda. Kuya kuba nzima kwiibhanki ezincinci njengoko zingenabo oovimba baneleyo bokubolekisa. Yiyo loo nto iibhanki ezingoovimba zinqanda iibhanki ezincinci ukuba zineemfuno zokugcina.
Vula imisebenzi yeMarike
Isixhobo esilandelayo yi-Open Market Operations, ebhekisa ekuthengeni nasekuthengisweni kwezibambiso zikarhulumente yibhanki enguvimba. Olu tshintshiselwano lwenziwa phakathi kweebhanki ezingoovimba kunye neebhanki zabucala.
Xa ibhanki ephakathi ithenga izibambiso zikarhulumente, isixa esigciniweyo seebhanki siyanda, nto leyo eyandisa umda wokuboleka kweebhanki. Kwaye xa bathengisa isibambiso, yongeza ebhankini. ishiti yokudibanisa izibalo, okubangela ukuncipha kwemali egcinwe kuyo. Ngoko ke, umda wokuboleka uyancipha.
Ngoko ke, iibhanki ezingundoqo zithenga izibambiso ukuba zibe nomgaqo-mali wokwandisa kwaye zithengise okufanayo ukuze zenze umgaqo-nkqubo wemali onqamlekileyo okanye ongqongqo.
Kwaye kulapho ukusebenza kwemarike evulekileyo kungena khona, nto leyo eyenza ukuba iFederal Reserves ilawule izinga lengxowa-mali eyondliwe. Iimali zeFed yimali ebolekwe yibhanki eyintloko kwenye ibhanki enemali engaphezulu.
Inzala ehlawulwe ngayo yireyithi yengxowa-mali yokondla. Kulapho iMisebenzi yeMarike eVulekileyo iqala ukusetyenziswa ngokudala ithuba lokuba iibhanki zifezekise injongo yazo.
Ixabiso lesaphulelo
Oku kubhekiselele kumlinganiselo apho ibhanki enguvimba inikezela ngemali kwiibhanki ezingamalungu kwifestile yezaphulelo. Ngokuqhelekileyo iphezulu kunezinga leemali ezidliwayo, ezibonisa ukuba isaphulelo sesaphulelo sisetyenziswa kuphela xa iibhanki zingakwazi ukuboleka imali kwezinye iibhanki.
Kunye nale festile yesaphulelo, ibala liza lincanyathiselwe!
Xa nayiphi na ibhanki isebenzisa iwindow yesaphulelo, ithathwa njengengxaki yezemali emehlweni oluntu lwezezimali.
Inzala koovimba
Inzala koovimba yadalwa emva kobunzima bemali ka-2008. IBhanki yaseNgilani, i-Federal Reserve, kunye ne-European Central Bank ihlawula isixa esithile senzala xa iibhanki zibambe oovimba abangaphezulu.
Izinga elingaphezulu liyancipha xa i-Fed ifuna ukuba iibhanki ziboleke ngaphezulu kwaye ngokuphambene noko xa ifuna ukuba ibhanki iboleke ngaphantsi. Esi sixhobo sikwaza nokuhlangabezana nokujoliswe kuko kwiimali ezondliwe.
Zisebenza njani izixhobo zoMgaqo-nkqubo weMali?
Owona msebenzi uphambili wezixhobo zomgaqo wolawulo-mali webhanki enguvimba uyakhula kwaye ucutha ukungakwazi ukuhlawula amatyala ngokupheleleyo. Ibhekisa kwisixa esipheleleyo semali eyinkunzi ekhoyo utyalo kunye nokuboleka. Ikwabandakanya imali kunye nekhredithi esetyenziswa ngumthengi.
Ezi zixhobo zibhekwa ngaphezu kokunikezelwa kwemali, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-M1 kunye ne-M2. Isimboli sangaphambili sichaza imali kunye neediphozithi zetshekhi, ngelixa le yokugqibela ibhekiselele kwiimali zemarike yemali, ii-akhawunti zokulondoloza, kunye neeCD.
Ukusebenza kweeBhanki ngexesha langempela
Kweli xesha lanamhlanje, imali idla ngokuthatha uhlobo lwedipozithi endaweni yokuba yenziwe ngabagcini bogcino abanikezela iibhanki ukuba zibambe imali yazo. Xa iibhanki zandisa ikhredithi yazo, iidiphozithi zenziwe.
Kwiimali ezibolekayo, iibhanki zenza amangenelo amabini ahlukeneyo – elinye likwicala le-asethi ngelixa elinye likwicala letyala – kwiphepha lomncono. Imali-mboleko isebenza njenge-asethi yeebhanki kwaye, ngoko, idala iidiphozithi ezintsha, ezisebenza njengemfanelo kwi-holding yabathengi.
Kwaye ukuba kunjalo, iibhanki zabucala zenza imali, nto leyo ephikisana nelungelo kunye noxanduva lweBhanki Ephakathi ngokwenza njalo. Inyaniso kukuba iibhanki azikwazi ukwenza imali ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka kwebhanki ephakathi, apho iimfuno ezikhulayo kunye nokunciphisa ukugcinwa kweemfuno zisebenza.
Iimfuno zoovimba azinakuthathwa njengesithintelo esibophelelayo ekukwazini ukuboleka kweebhanki, nto leyo enganciphisi ukuhamba kwemali ekudaleni. Ke, iibhanki ziboleka imali kwaye emva koko zijonge uvimba ofunekayo eziwudingayo kamva.
isiphelo
Iibhanki azibolekisi; benza imali ex nihilo ekubolekeni.
Baboleka kuphela oovimba abadalwe yi-Central Bank omnye komnye. Ugcino kunye neemfuno zokuhlawula amatyala ziqinisekisa ukuba iibhanki zihlawula imali elindelweyo yokutsalwa kwedipozithi yomthengi.
Ngaphezu koko, okulindelweyo kwiNzuzo ithathwa njengenye yemida ekhokelayo kwisakhono sokubolekisa ngeebhanki. Iibhanki zinamandla okuboleka imali kuqala kwaye emva koko zijonge oovimba ukuze zigqume. Ngale nto, badla ngokutsala abathengi abatsha ukuba bakhusele iidiphozithi.
Ngoko ke, iiBhanki azifuni mali yabathengi, kwaye yindlela ephantsi ukuba babambe iidiphozithi zakho kunezinye iibhanki.
Shiya iMpendulo