Ngokukhula kwezimali zedijithali kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, ukunyuka kokuqala kwezimali zedijithali kubonakala lapho imali ye-crypto ithatha indiza entsha emnothweni womhlaba, kulandelwa umnotho waseNdiya.
Yisikhathi kuphela lapho ezomnotho zivula ezazo zezimali zedijithali ngenxa yokudlulisa ngokushesha nezikhathi zokwenziwe ezihambisana nazo.
Akukhona lokho kuphela, izinkokhelo ezenziwa ngezinhlobo zemali zedijithali ziyizindleko eziphansi kakhulu futhi ziyashesha ngempela uma ziqhathaniswa namanothi aphathekayo nezinhlamvu zemali.
I-India isizofakaza izivivinyo zayo zokuqala ngqa Zohlobo Lwemali Yebhange Elikhulu nge-RBI - i-rupee yedijithali ngenyanga kaZibandlela kulo nyaka.
Iyini Imali Yedijithali Yebhange Elikhulu (CBDC)?
Ngaphambi kokugxumela ekubalulekeni kohlobo lwemali yedijithali, ake siqale siqonde ukuthi iyini ngempela.
I-Reserve Bank of India ichaza Imali Yedijithali Yebhange Elikhulu njengethenda esemthethweni ekhishwa ngaphansi noma yibhange elikhulu ngendlela yalo yedijithali. Inenani/inani elifanayo njengemali ye-fiat ekhona emakethe futhi ingashintshaniswa ngezindlela ezifanayo nohlobo lwemali ebonakalayo.
Ukwethulwa kwe-e-currency kuwukuqamba okusha okwenzekile ukuze kuguqulwe izindlela imali engasetshenziswa ngayo futhi isetshenziswe, ukuze kufezeke inhloso yekusasa. IPhini LoMbusi we-RBI liphinde lasho ukuthi imali yedijithali yaseNdiya ifana kanjani ncamashi nohlobo lwemali oluphathekayo, olukhona kuphela ngendlela ehlukile.
Imali yedijithali ingabuye ibizwe ngokuthi uhlobo lwemali ebonakalayo.
I-CBDC izonikeza ukuguquguquka okuphakeme kakhulu, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokuphumelela kwezindleko ngokuvumela abantu isimo sokuphatha imali esingenamthungo. Njengohlobo lwemali oluphathekayo, imali ye-elekthronikhi nayo izosebenza njengesikweletu ebhange elikhulu lapho ikhishwa.
Imali ye-elekthronikhi ezimele nayo ingashintshwa ngokuhambisana nemali, njengoba kushiwo nguMnu. Sankar – isekela lomphathi we-RBI.
Ungakhokha kanjani ngama-CBDC?
Uma wazi ukuthi ukhokha kanjani nge-wallet yedijithali, usuvele wazi kakhulu ukuthi izinkokhelo ze-CBDC zizosebenza kanjani. I-Reserve Bank of India izokhipha ukunikezwa okungaguquki kwemali yedijithali izakhamuzi zase-India ezizoyithola nge-elekthronikhi futhi ziyisebenzise ngendlela efanayo.
Le mali, nokho, izovunyelwa ukuthi ishintshwe ngokheshi onzima uma kudingeka.
Ngokukhokha nge-CBDC, ngeke kusaba khona isidingo sokukhokhwa kwemali phakathi kwamabhange njengoba imali ekhokhiwe noma etholiwe izokhokhwa ngokuqondile, ukuthi izokhokhwa kanjani uma uthola noma ukhokha inothi eliphathekayo ngokwenziwe.
Ngokungafani ne-Cryptocurrencies, ama-CBDC awahlukaniswanga.
Izolawulwa futhi ikhishwe ibhange elikhulu lezwe elifanele noma isiphathimandla sezimali. Ngakho-ke, ingcebo nobunikazi bemali kuzodluliswa noma kudluliselwe ngaphandle kwezinkinga ngokuqaliswa okulula kwazo zonke izinqubomgomo zezimali nezezimali.
Lokhu kuzoholela ekubuyisaneni kwedatha okuthuthukisiwe futhi kwandise kakhulu ukusatshalaliswa kwezinsiza ezweni lonke.
Kungani ibhange elikhulu laseNdiya likulangazelela kangaka ukukhipha izimali zedijithali?
Ngaphandle kweNdiya, amanye amazwe angama-83 aseqalile ukuphishekela ukuthuthukiswa kwe-CBDC kusukela ngo-2011. Kusukela eSweden kuya e-United States, akukho nhlobo umnotho omkhulu ongakaqali ukuya kwidijithali ngemali yawo.
Ibhange eliphakathi laseNdiya, nalo, licabanga ngendlela efanayo, liye laqonda ukwanda kwesidingo sezimali zedijithali, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokukhuphuka kwemali yangasese yedijithali njenge-Bitcoin ne-Ethereum, esiyibiza futhi ngokuthi i-cryptocurrencies.
Wonke amabhange amakhulu ahlinzeka ngezimali zedijithali asebenza njengenye indlela esekelwe futhi enokwethenjelwa emalini yedijithali yangasese, evikela abantu ngokumelene nokuguquguquka kanye nezinqubomgomo zokulawula ezifanayo.
Izindleko zokukhishwa kwezimali zedijithali nazo ziphansi kakhulu kunokunyathelisa nokusabalalisa imali yamanje ye-fiat emnothweni. Uma i-rupee yedijithali isidaliwe, ingakhishwa phakathi kwabantu ngaphandle kokuhlupheka, cishe ngezindleko ezingelutho.
Njengoba i-RBI izokwazi ukuqapha kalula imali yedijithali, izokwenza yonke i-e-cash ejikeleza emnothweni ilandeleke, ngokungafani nemali ebonakalayo.
Lokhu kuzokwenza ibhange elikhulu likwazi ukulawula uhlobo lwemali lwedijithali futhi lwehlise nezinkinga ezihambisana nemali enzima, njengenkohlakalo nokugwazisa.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izosebenza njengesisekelo sokwakha umnotho waseNdiya, futhi yonke into izokwenziwa idijithali futhi iqashwe ngaphansi kwenethiwekhi yokuphepha okuphezulu nokulandeleka kalula.
Ubhubhane lwe-covid-19 lwabangela ibhange eliphakathi laseNdiya ukuthi lisheshise ukuhlola, ukuhlela, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali yedijithali. Njengoba umnotho uvalwa futhi namabhizinisi ehamba ku-inthanethi, izinkokhelo zibe yidijithali kakhulu.
Abantu manje bancamela ukusebenzisa izindlela zokukhokha nge-elekthronikhi esikhundleni semali enzima ukuze bagweme noma yikuphi ukuxhumana okungadingekile nabantu abangabazi okungenzeka ukuthi banegciwane. Ngakho-ke, ukwethula i-e-currency kwakuyisinyathelo esihlakaniphile, phela, ukuze uhambisane nezikhathi ezishintshayo.
Okokugcina, ukushintshela ku-e-currency kuzonikeza ukufakwa okuqondile kwezezimali, ikakhulukazi ezweni elibanzi futhi elihlukahlukene njenge-India, njengoba abantu yonke indawo nanoma yikuphi bazokwazi ukufinyelela ngokwezimali nengqondo ngokuphathelene nemali yabo.
Lokhu kungasiza abantu abasezindaweni eziqhelile ukuthi bathole imali abangayisebenzisa kalula futhi bayithumele ekhaya lapho kudingeka, ngaphandle kobunzima bokuthumela imali enzima ngamahhovisi eposi.
I-Central Bank ithatha amathokheni
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuvikeleka kwedatha nokuthembeka kokwenziwe, iBhange Lombuso laseNdiya linqume ukusebenza kububanzi bokwenza amathokheni ngokuqaliswa kohlobo lwemali yedijithali.
Njengoba wonke umuntu, kusukela ezinkampanini, abantu ngabanye kuye emazweni bephethe idatha ebucayi kubo nangaphakathi kwezinhlelo zabo, ukwenza amathokheni kuzosiza ukuvikela le datha ngokususa/ukukhipha noma yiluphi ulwazi olubalulekile olutholakalayo futhi esikhundleni salo kube namathokheni.
Ulwazi olulandelanayo luhlukaniswa lube yiyunithi yezinhlamvu ezincane njengamagama angukhiye, imishwana, noma amathokheni aholela ekwenziweni kokukhokha okushelelayo kanye nabasebenzisi abavikelekile.
Ukwenziwa kwamathokheni kuzohlose ukuphepha okungcono kakhulu kwalo lonke uhlelo lokukhokha, ukuvikela abasebenzisi/izakhamizi ekuntshontshweni nasezicelweni ezinephutha. Lokhu kuzokwenziwa ngokushintsha imininingwane yangempela ehlobene nemali ngekhodi ekhethekile engabizwa ngokuthi ithokheni.
Ibhange eliphakathi lithembise izinsizakalo zamathokheni ezakhamuzini zalo ngesisusa sokuthatha cishe konke ukuthengiselana okungenzeka ku-inthanethi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kulula nokuphepha ekuthengiseni amakhadi.
Ingabe i-CBDC iyafana ne-cryptocurrencies?
Ngamafuphi, cha. I-Cryptocurrencies ayinalo inani langempela kusukela manje, futhi noma yamukelwa njengendlela yokukhokha, futhi i-Bitcoin nayo ithathwa njengethenda esemthethweni ezweni elilodwa, akukho gunya elibusayo elisekela i-cryptocurrencies.
Bonke ubukhona bezimali ezifihlekile busekelwe kubasebenzisi abangaziwa noma amaqembu abasebenzisi abangenayo inkampani yangaphandle egunyaza futhi elandelela okwenziwayo.
Kukhona futhi umkhawulo enanini lezinhlamvu zemali ezingakhishwa njengama-cryptocurrencies (izigidi ezingu-21 uma kwenzeka i-Bitcoin), kuyilapho kungekho mkhawulo ekukhishweni kwemali yedijithali yebhange eliphakathi, inqobo nje uma ukwehla kwamandla emali kunakekelwa.
Zonke izimali zedijithali ezikhishwe amabhange amakhulu zizosekelwa izikhungo zezimali ezizoqinisekisa ukusimama kwezezimali komnotho kanye nabantu bawo.
Ukuqhathanisa i-CBDC neBlockchain
I-Blockchain ayilona igama elisha kwabaningi bethu. Kuyinethiwekhi erekhoda ulwazi lomsebenzisi ngezindlela ezenza kucishe kungenzeki ukugebenga, ukushintsha noma ukukopela uhlelo. Wonke ama-cryptocurrencies asebenza kunethiwekhi ye-blockchain.
Kodwa-ke, ama-CBDC ngeke asebenzise inethiwekhi yeleja esabalalisiwe njenge-blockchain futhi izolawulwa, iqashwe, iqondiswe futhi isetshenziswe yisiphathimandla esinesithunzi ezweni ngalinye, njengaseNdiya.
Ukwethulwa kwe-CBDC kuzotshela iBhange Lombuso laseNdiya mayelana nokuthi ingakanani imali ephethwe ngubani, okungenjalo ngokuthengiselana okwenzeka kunethiwekhi ye-blockchain.
Ama-CBDC ngeke axhunywe kunoma iyiphi imali ye-fiat njengoba eyimali ye-fiat yodwa, njengokuthi izinhlamvu zemali ze-crypto zixhunywe kanjani emalini ehlukahlukene ye-fiat emhlabeni jikelele.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi inguqulo ye-CBDC ye-Indian National Rupees izosebenza ngokufana ncamashi ne-Rupee bill eNdiya noma emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngakho-ke, i-blockchain ne-CBDC yimiqondo ephikisana ngokuphelele futhi izimali zedijithali zebhange eliphakathi ngeke zincike kunethiwekhi ye-blockchain ukuze isebenze.
Ngabe siyayidinga ngempela i-CBDC eNdiya?
Yebo, siyakwenza. I-India njengamanje ibona ushintsho oluhle maqondana nezinhlelo zayo zokukhokha ezidijithali. Abantu abaningi ngokwengeziwe sebeqale ukusebenzisa i-e-wallet ukuthenga imikhiqizo ku-inthanethi ngisho nangokungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi.
Izindleko zemisebenzi enjalo e-India ziphansi kakhulu njengamanje, futhi ayikwazanga ukuthumela isignali engcono ukuze iqalise i-e-currency ngokuphelele, ukuze kumiswe futhi kulawule ukusakazwa kwezinkokhelo zedijithali nakakhulu.
Amazwe amahlanu asevele ethule i-CBDC, okuhlanganisa iSaint Kitts neNevis, iGrenada.
I-Bahamas, i-Antigua ne-Barbuda, ne-Saint Lucia. Ngaphandle kwale minotho, amanye amazwe ayi-14 aneminotho emikhulu njengeSouth Korea neSweden nawo ethule abashayeli bawo bezindiza be-CBDC.
Ngisho nebhange elikhulu laseChina, iPeople's Bank of China, selisungule uhlelo lwedijithali lwe-Yuan emadolobheni ahlukahlukene.
Ukuze uhambe intamo nentamo ngesifiso sokuvelela samandla amakhulu emhlabeni wonke, kuyadingeka kuphela ukuthi i-India nayo ingenele futhi ithathe enye yezinzuzo zokuqala kubuchwepheshe obukhulayo kanye nekusasa labo.
Imali yedijithali ye-RBI kanye nekusasa elizayo
Izitatimende eziningana zilahliwe mayelana nalokho amabhange amakhulu azokwenza lapho izimali zabo zedijithali ziqala.
Abanye bathi amabhange amakhulu azofaka inhlawulo ekukhishweni kwemali ukuze kuncishiswe abantu abakhipha imali ebonakalayo esikhundleni sokugcina imali yedijithali nayo. Abanye futhi bathi amabhange amaphakathi asevele ehlanganisa inani lemali ye-CBDC ngomuntu ngamunye.
Hhayi-ke, okuzokwenzeka ngempela kuzobonakala kuphela uma sekwethulwe imali yedijithali. Kodwa-ke, into eqinisekile ukuthi i-Reserve Bank of India isilungele ukuthi ekugcineni isebenzise umbono ongemusha wokuba nedijithali ngokuphelele kwezezimali.
Noma ukwamukelwa okuphelele kwezimali zedijithali kungase kuthathe iminyaka embalwa eyengeziwe, ngokuqinisekile kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sekusasa lobuchwepheshe, futhi ibhange elikhulu lase-India lizokwenza okufanayo.
shiya impendulo