Posachedwapa, dziko laling’ono la ku Central America, El Salvador, linapanganso mitu yankhani.
Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma omwe akuyandikira dzikolo. Chaka chatha, El Salvador inakhala dziko loyamba kupanga Bitcoin kukhala yovomerezeka mwalamulo, ndikuyembekeza kuti idzapulumutsa dzikolo ku mavuto azachuma ndikuchepetsa kudalira US Dollar.
Komabe, momwe zidakhalira, njuga ya Purezidenti wa El Salvador Nayib Bukele ya cryptocurrency yadzetsa mavuto akulu angongole mdzikolo. Mtengo wa Bitcoin watsika mpaka 45% kuyambira Seputembala, pomwe Bukele adayambitsa dongosololi.
Chifukwa chake, ndalama za $ 150 miliyoni za Bitcoin zapangitsa kuti pakhale cholemetsa chowonjezera pachuma cha dzikolo. Ndalamayi ndi pafupifupi 4% ya nkhokwe za dziko.
Tsopano tiyeni tilowe mwakuya muzokambirana ndikumvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira za chuma cha El Salvador chomwe chikukhetsa magazi.
Background
El Salvador ndi dziko laling'ono kwambiri komanso lokhala ndi anthu ambiri ku Central America. Mbiri yake yadzaza ndi nkhondo zachiŵeniŵeni zosalekeza, upandu wochuluka, kukula kosasinthasintha kwachuma, ndi masoka achilengedwe.
El Salvador, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti ndi yachiwembu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, idayang'anira ndalama zake, El Salvador Colon, ndi US Dollar mu 2001 kuti ipulumutse chuma chake kuti chisagwe bwino komanso ndi chiyembekezo chokopa ndalama zambiri zakunja ndi alendo obwera kudzikoli. .
Komabe, ngakhale dola ya ku America itakhazikitsidwa, chuma cha dzikolo sichinawonepo ndalama zazikulu zakunja kapena alendo odzaona malo. Zinali chifukwa cha katangale ndi upandu wochuluka. Ngakhale kuti dzikolo lili ndi ndalama zakezake, si kaŵirikaŵiri kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nzika.
Komanso, popeza dzikolo liribe msika waukulu wogulitsa kunja ndipo lili ndi katundu wambiri wochokera kunja, pali katundu wochuluka pa ndalama zolipirira. Izi zadzetsa kuchepa kwakukulu mu bajeti ndi ngongole zambiri.
Chifukwa chake, Purezidenti Bukele adapereka lamulo lopangitsa Bitcoin kukhala njira yovomerezeka yokopa mabizinesi apamwamba akunja ndikuchepetsa kudalira kwake US Dollar ndi ndalama zakunja ngati gwero losungira.
Lingaliro linali loti kukwera kwa mtengo wa Bitcoin kungathandize dziko kuchepetsa ngongole zake ndikusunga ndalama zolipirira.
Ndi izi, El Salvador idakhala dziko loyamba kuzindikira Bitcoin ngati ndalama yovomerezeka. Boma linalengezanso kuti aliyense atha kukhala nzika ya El Salvador popanga ndalama za 3 Bitcoins mdzikolo.
Inapanganso dongosolo lomanga malo opangira migodi ya crypto yoyendetsedwa ndi volcano ndi mzinda ndikukhazikitsa woyamba woyendetsedwa ndi bitcoin. zomangira payekha.
Ngakhale zitachitika zonsezi, kuyesaku kukuwoneka kuti kwalephera ndipo kwadzetsa mtolo wina kwa anthu wamba m'dzikolo. Tsopano funso ndi momwe mavuto azachuma omwe amachititsidwa ndi Bitcoin adatsogolera dzikoli pafupifupi kugwa kwachuma.
Zomwe Zadzetsa Mavuto azachuma
El Salvador anali atavutika kale ndi vuto lalikulu lazachuma pamaso pa Bitcoin Blunder. Ndipo kupanga Bitcoin mwalamulo tender kungowonjezera mafuta pamoto.
Ngongole ya dzikolo yakwera kuchoka pa $ 19 biliyoni mu Disembala 2019 kufika kupitilira $24 biliyoni mu 2022, ngongole ku GDP ikufika pa 87%.
Ngakhale ndalama za Bitcoin zikuyimira 4% yokha ya nkhokwe za dzikolo, zakhudza chuma cha El Salvador. Izi zimakhala zowopsa kudziko lomwe GDP yake ndi $25 biliyoni yokha.
Kupatula vuto la kubweza ngongole, kugwa kwa msika wamagawo aku US, komanso kukwera kwamitengo yamitengo padziko lonse lapansi, kwadzetsa mutu wina mdziko. Zotsatira zake, mabungwe akuluakulu angongole atsitsa mtengo wangongole mdziko muno. Tsopano zakhala zovuta kuyitanitsa ndalama zakunja.
Mwachitsanzo, a Moodys achepetsa chiwongola dzanja cha El Salvador kukhala Caa3, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti dzikolo latsala pang'ono kubweza ngongole ndipo si njira yabwino yopezera ndalama. Ngakhale ndalama zomwe zimachokera kunja zimathandizira pafupifupi 25% yazochitika zachuma, chiwawa, ndi kusatetezeka kumakhudza kwambiri zokolola ndi kukula kwa nthawi yaitali kwa dziko.
Kuphatikiza apo, Bitcoin Gamble yachepetsa chidaliro cha International Monetary Fund kuti chithandizire dzikolo. El Salvador idapempha $ 1.3 biliyoni kuchokera ku IMF kuti ikwaniritse kuchepeka kwa akaunti yake komanso kubweza ngongole.
Komabe, bungweli lapempha boma kuti lichotse Bitcoin ngati ndalama zovomerezeka. Linapemphanso kuti libweretse kusintha kwachuma kuti lilandire phukusi lothandizira.
Kukwera kwa inflation, Zogulitsa ku US Kugwa kwa msika, ndi kuwukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine kwapangitsa cryptocurrency kutaya $ 1.3 thililiyoni m'kanthawi kochepa.
Mtengo wa Bitcoin wachepetsedwa mpaka theka kuyambira Seputembara 2021, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndalama za El Salvador za Bitcoin zichepe mpaka $ 67.9 miliyoni kuchokera pa $ 104 miliyoni. Bitcoin yakhala cholemetsa chowonjezera pavuto la Ngongole mdziko muno, lomwe likuyenera kutulutsa pafupifupi $ 1.12 biliyoni pachiwongola dzanja ndi ma bond okhwima mu 2023.
Koma, Bukele akugwiritsabe ntchito chuma cha boma kuti agule Bitcoin pakugwa uku, motero akukankhira dzikolo pachimake chazovuta zachuma. Pakadali pano, adalengezanso mapulani omanga mzinda wa Bitcoin womwe umayendetsedwa ndi Bitcoin.
Mkhalidwe Wapano
Zochita za Bukele zofuna kupulumutsa Chuma cha Salvador zikuwoneka kuti zili ndi zotsutsana ndipo zakhala gawo lavuto lokha.
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chidaliro cha osunga ndalama m'mabondi odziyimira pawokha a Salvador komanso kulephera kwa Bitcoin, ndondomekoyi yayika dzikolo m'mavuto.
Boma laika ndalama pafupifupi $425 miliyoni pomanga chilengedwe cha bitcoin mdziko muno. Zimaphatikizapo kukhazikitsidwa kwa chikwama cha dziko la Chivo (Chilatini "chozizira") kuti chithandizire kulipira kudzera pa bitcoin. Akuperekanso chilimbikitso cha $30 kwa anthu omwe amalembetsa pa pulogalamuyi.
Komabe, m'dziko lomwe 70% ya anthu alibe intaneti, bitcoin akadali osakondedwa ndi nzika. Komanso chikwama cha Chivo chomwe mzika zimagwiritsa ntchito mzika zitalandira chilimbikitsocho.
Koma ndalamazo sizinalephereke pamagulu onse. Kupanga bitcoin mwalamulo ma tender kwayitanitsa okonda crypto ngati alendo obwera kudzikoli. Makampani azokopa alendo ku El Salvador akwera ndi 30% kuyambira Seputembala. Ndipo chochititsa chidwi, ambiri mwa alendo amabwera kuchokera ku US.
Kuphatikiza apo, pulogalamu ya Chivo ithandizanso nzika kutumiza ndalama zochokera kumayiko akunja pamtengo wamba. M'mbuyomu, mtengo wautumiki posamutsa malipiro unali wokwera mpaka 10%.
Komabe, chikwamachi chidzatengabe nthawi kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi anthu pamlingo waukulu. Pofika mchaka cha 2022, Chivo wallet idakonza 1.6% yokha ya ndalama zomwe zidatumizidwa.
Ndi Chiyani Chotsatira ku El Salvador
Ponena za kubweza ngongole, dziko likuwoneka kuti lili ndi njira ziwiri. Choyamba, Bukele ayenera kuvomereza zikhalidwe za IMF pakuchotsa bitcoin ngati njira yovomerezeka ndikuyambitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwachuma.
Komabe, izi zitha kubweza kutchuka kwa Purezidenti wa Autocrat Nayib Bukele. Popeza Bukele ali ndi mapulani otchuka a cryptocurrency ndikusunga mfundo zake zodziwika bwino, chisankhocho sichikuwoneka chotheka.
Njira ina, monga adanenera a Ricardo Castaneda, katswiri wazachuma ku Central American Institute for Fiscal Studies (ICEFI), ndikufunsa mabanki aku Central ndi Latin America Development Banks, CABEI ndi CAF, kuti alipire ngongole zawo. Kupanda kutero, boma lingafunike kusintha thumba la pension kuti likhalebe ndi vuto la ndalama zake.
Ponena za Bitcoin, boma likuyesera mwayi pamsika wovuta kwambiri pamene kusatsimikizika kukubwera pamitundu yonse ndi osunga ndalama, kaya ndi inflation, malonda akhalire, kapena nkhondo. Izi zadzetsa kugwa kwachuma kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi.
Komanso, monga dziko ngongole mlingo kale pansi chifukwa cha ngongole mkulu, chiwawa, ndi boma crypto njuga, osunga ndalama sali okonzeka kupopa ndalama mu chuma kugwa.
Ngakhale kuti anthu a ku Salvador amalandira ndalama zambiri zakunja, sizingawapulumutse kuti asabwere pafupi ndi kuchepetsa kuchepa kwawo kwachuma.
Koma sikuti zonse zikupita pansi. Chifukwa cha mfundo zake pakuchepetsa umbava komanso kasamalidwe koyenera panthawi ya Covid-19, Purezidenti wakhalabe ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi ovomerezeka kwa purezidenti aliyense padziko lapansi. Mavoti ake ovomerezeka ndi oposa 85%.
Kutsiliza
Kuchokera pakukhazikitsa mgwirizano woyamba padziko lonse lapansi wa bitcoin mpaka kupanga mzinda wa bitcoin woyendetsedwa ndi phiri lophulika, mapulani a Nayib Bukele ndi akulu. Komabe, popeza dziko silidzakhazikika m’zaka zikubwerazi, zidzakhala zosangalatsa kuona mmene El Salvador idzathere kudutsa m’nthaŵi zovuta.
Bukele atha kubweza zomwe zikufunika pakubweza ngongole pakadali pano. Koma, mphamvu zake zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira pa Unduna wa Zamilandu ndi utsogoleri zasokonezanso mwayi wolandila thandizo kuchokera ku mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi.
Chifukwa chake, zikuwonekerabe momwe El Salvador idzadzithandizira mtsogolomu, popeza mavuto azachuma sadzatha posachedwa.
Siyani Mumakonda